Prevalence and outcomes of acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background In this study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence, timing, risk factors, and outcomes of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Methods PubMed and four other databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies of patients 18 years or older through October 20, 2021. Study quality was assessed, using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for RCTs and the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for cohort and case-control studies. High-grade aSAH was defined as a Hunt-Hess grade ≥3 and/or a modified Fisher score ≥3. A good neurological outcome was defined as a Glasgow outcome scale score ≥4. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to estimate the pooled outcome prevalence and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results Eleven observational studies (n=6,107) met the inclusion criteria. Overall, 15% of the patients (95% CI, 10.5–20.0; I2=97.8%) developed ARDS after aSAH, with a mean time of 3 days (95% CI, 1.9–3.7; I2=54%). Overall survival at discharge was 80% (95% CI, 75–86; I2=96%), and 67% of aSAH patients (95% CI, 54.9–78.9; I2=94%) had a good neurological outcome at any time. The aSAH cohort without ARDS had a higher rate of survival than those with ARDS (79% vs. 49%, P=0.028). Male sex, patients with a high-grade aSAH, patients who developed pneumonia, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome during hospital admission were at a higher risk of developing ARDS. Conclusion In this meta-analysis, approximately one in six patients developed ARDS after aSAH, with a mean time of 3 days from the initial presentation, and ARDS was associated with increased mortality.

Keywords

• acute respiratory distress syndrome
• subarachnoid hemorrhage
• intracranial hemorrhage
• acute brain injury
• neurogenic pulmonary edema
• acute lung injury