Hydroxyapatite–Clay Composite for Bone Tissue Engineering: Effective Utilization of Prawn Exoskeleton Biowaste

Perabathula Satish; Komalakrushna Hadagalli; Lakkimsetti Lakshmi Praveen; Mahin Saif Nowl; Asiful H. Seikh; Ibrahim A. Alnaser; Hany S. Abdo; Saumen Mandal

doi:10.3390/inorganics11110427

Inorganics (Oct 2023)

Hydroxyapatite–Clay Composite for Bone Tissue Engineering: Effective Utilization of Prawn Exoskeleton Biowaste

Perabathula Satish,
Komalakrushna Hadagalli,
Lakkimsetti Lakshmi Praveen,
Mahin Saif Nowl,
Asiful H. Seikh,
Ibrahim A. Alnaser,
Hany S. Abdo,
Saumen Mandal

Affiliations

Perabathula Satish: Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal, Mangalore 575025, India
Komalakrushna Hadagalli: Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal, Mangalore 575025, India
Lakkimsetti Lakshmi Praveen: Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal, Mangalore 575025, India
Mahin Saif Nowl: Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal, Mangalore 575025, India
Asiful H. Seikh: Center of Excellence for Research in Engineering Materials (CEREM), King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
Ibrahim A. Alnaser: Center of Excellence for Research in Engineering Materials (CEREM), King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
Hany S. Abdo: Center of Excellence for Research in Engineering Materials (CEREM), King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
Saumen Mandal: Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal, Mangalore 575025, India

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11110427
Journal volume & issue: Vol. 11, no. 11
p. 427

Abstract

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Hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2)-based porous scaffolds have been widely investigated in the last three decades. HA, with excellent biocompatibility and osteoconductivity, has made this material widely used in bone tissue engineering. To improve the mechano-biological properties of HA, the addition of clay to develop HA-based composite scaffolds has gained considerable interest from researchers. In this study, a cost-effective method to prepare a HA–clay composite was demonstrated via the mechanical mixing method, wherein kaolin was used because of its biocompatibility. Prawn (Fenneropenaeus indicus) exoskeleton biowaste was utilized as a raw source to synthesize pure HA using wet chemical synthesis. HA–clay composites were prepared by reinforcing HA with 10, 20, and 30 wt.% of kaolin via the mechanical mixing method. A series of characterization tools such as XRD, FTIR, Raman, and FESEM analysis confirmed the phases and characteristic structural and vibrations bonds along with the morphology of sintered bare HA, HA–kaolin clay composite, and kaolin alone, respectively. The HA–clay composite pellets, uniaxially pressed and sintered at 1100 °C for 2 h, were subjected to a compression test, and an enhancement in mechanical and physical properties, with the highest compressive strength of 35 MPa and a retained open porosity of 33%, was achieved in the HA–kaolin (20 wt.%) clay composite, in comparison with bare HA. The addition of 20% kaolin to HA enhanced its compressive strength by 33.7% and increased its open porosity by 19% when compared with bare HA. The reinforcement of HA with different amounts (10, 20, 30 wt.%) of kaolin could open up a new direction of preparing biocomposite scaffolds with enhanced mechanical properties, improved wear, and better cell proliferation in the field of bone tissue engineering.

Published in Inorganics

ISSN: 2304-6740 (Online)
Publisher: MDPI AG
Country of publisher: Switzerland
LCC subjects: Science: Chemistry: Inorganic chemistry
Website: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/Inorganics

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