Clinical Ophthalmology (Jul 2023)

Compared Methods for Reducing Stress in ROP Exams; Stake-Holding Examiner Perspective

  • Cuddihee LJ,
  • Giannulis P,
  • Merriner S,
  • Runge PE,
  • Pringels V,
  • McGill V,
  • Johnson MA,
  • Cobb LB,
  • Arnold RW

Journal volume & issue
Vol. Volume 17
pp. 1953 – 1965

Abstract

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Laney J Cuddihee,1 Peter Giannulis,1 Sarah Merriner,1 Paul E Runge,2 Victoria Pringels,3 Virginia McGill,3 Mary-Alice Johnson,3 Lindsey B Cobb,4 Robert W Arnold1 1Alaska Blind Child Discovery, Alaska Children’s EYE & Strabismus, Anchorage, AK, USA; 2International Retinal Consultant, Lakewood Ranch, FL, USA; 3Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Providence Alaska Medical Center, Anchorage, AK, USA; 4Anesthesiology Department, Central Peninsula Hospital, Soldotna, AK, USACorrespondence: Robert W Arnold, Alaska Blind Child Discovery, Alaska Children’s EYE & Strabismus, 3500 Latouche #280, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA, Tel +1(907)561-1917, Fax +1(907)563-5373, Email [email protected]: To better understand the sensory impact of retinal exam components typically experienced by infants undergoing various retinopathy of prematurity staging examinations, adults concerned for infant welfare and exam quality underwent similar exams to compare their perceived stress.Patients and Methods: Adults directly involved with ROP exams and infant stress reduction had cardiac monitoring and concomitant ordinal self symptom-score (1– 10 Likert) during 15 components of the exam including lid speculum, various scleral depressors, indirect ophthalmoscopy, goniolens and direct ophthalmoscopy and retinal photography (Phoenix ICON) with or without topical anesthesia.Results: Nine adults provided impressions and cardiac rhythm gathered supine over 15 minutes. Pain score for topical anesthetic 2 was less than for tropicamide 4. Lid specula numb scored a median 2 level (from 1 to 10) pain but without anesthetic scored 6. The goniolens numb scored 3. Scleral depression numb scored 3– 4 but increased to 7 without topical anesthesia. Direct ophthalmoscope scored 3 through the goniolens and the retinal camera scored 4 pain. Brightness with low 350 Lux indirect scored 6– 8 numb and 9 brightness without anesthetic. Full bright indirect, direct ophthalmoscope and the retinal camera all had Lux of 3000– 4000 and were scored brightness 9, 7 and 10, respectively. Adults had minimal oculocardiac reflex during on-globe retinal examination methods (range 98% to 102%).Conclusion: Topical anesthesia provided a moderate reduction in pain during on-globe lid-speculum, scleral depressed indirect examination. There was a synergistic augmented sensory response between pain and brightness. Adults did not show the bradycardia typically elicited by retinal examinations in premature infants.Keywords: retinopathy of prematurity, infant pain, bradycardia, scleral depression, imaging

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