A Patchwork of Hindu Ritual Practices and Technique Performances? A Re-Examination of the <i>Citrakarmaśāstra</i>, a Vajrayānic Sanskrit <i>Śilpa</i> Text Discovered in Sri Lanka

Abstract

The Mañjuśrībhāṣita-Citrakarmaśāstra, a Sanskrit śilpa work discovered in Sri Lanka, deals exclusively with Buddhist image making. It provides technical instructions for the fabrication of Buddhist images as well as guidance for initial and final consecrations. This article offers a comparative intertextual study of the main body of the manuscript, including chapters concerning tree selection, the ratnanyāsa ritual, the techniques of clay modeling in the making of images, and the eye-opening ceremony. This study suggests that the Mañjuśrībhāṣita-Citrakarmaśāstra bears a remarkable resemblance to South Indian Hindu śilpa texts and does not perfectly correspond with actual practices and performances. The main part of the Mañjuśrībhāṣita-Citrakarmaśāstra is probably dated no earlier than the 11th century but no later than the 16th century.

Keywords

• the <i>Citrakarmaśāstra</i>
• Buddhist image making
• <i>śilpa</i>
• South India
• Sri Lanka