Effect of Nano-Graphene Oxide and n-Butanol Fuel Additives Blended with Diesel—<i>Nigella sativa</i> Biodiesel Fuel Emulsion on Diesel Engine Characteristics

Hurmathulla Khan; Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar; Rajagopal Harish Kumar; Mohammad Reza Safaei; Muhammad Farooq; Abdulqhadar Khidmatgar; Nagaraj R Banapurmath; Rizwan A. Farade; Muhammad Mujtaba Abbas; Asif Afzal; Waqar Ahmed; Marjan Goodarzi; Syed Noeman Taqui

doi:10.3390/sym12060961

Symmetry (Jun 2020)

Effect of Nano-Graphene Oxide and n-Butanol Fuel Additives Blended with Diesel—<i>Nigella sativa</i> Biodiesel Fuel Emulsion on Diesel Engine Characteristics

Hurmathulla Khan,
Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar,
Rajagopal Harish Kumar,
Mohammad Reza Safaei,
Muhammad Farooq,
Abdulqhadar Khidmatgar,
Nagaraj R Banapurmath,
Rizwan A. Farade,
Muhammad Mujtaba Abbas,
Asif Afzal,
Waqar Ahmed,
Marjan Goodarzi,
Syed Noeman Taqui

Affiliations

Hurmathulla Khan: Department of Mechanical Engineering, HMS Institute of Technology, Tumkur 572101, India
Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
Rajagopal Harish Kumar: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Siddhartha Institute of Technology, Tumkur 572104, India
Mohammad Reza Safaei: Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
Muhammad Farooq: Research Centre for Carbon Solutions, IMPEE, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
Abdulqhadar Khidmatgar: Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
Nagaraj R Banapurmath: Department of Mechanical Engineering, B.V.B. College of Engineering and Technology, KLE Technological University, Vidyanagar, Hubli 580031, India
Rizwan A. Farade: Electrical Engineering Department, AIKTC School of Engineering and Technology, Panvel, Navimumbai 410206, India
Muhammad Mujtaba Abbas: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
Asif Afzal: Department of Mechanical Engineering, P. A. College of Engineering (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University Belagavi), Mangaluru 574153, India
Waqar Ahmed: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
Marjan Goodarzi: Sustainable Management of Natural Resources and Environment Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
Syed Noeman Taqui: Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12060961
Journal volume & issue: Vol. 12, no. 6
p. 961

Abstract

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The present investigation uses a blend of Nigella sativa biodiesel, diesel, n-butanol, and graphene oxide nanoparticles to enhance the performance, combustion and symmetric characteristics and to reduce the emissions from the diesel engine of a modified common rail direct injection (CRDI). A symmetric toroidal-type combustion chamber and a six-hole solenoid fuel injector were used in the current investigation. The research aimed to study the effect of two fuel additives, n-butanol and synthesized asymmetric graphene oxide nanoparticles, in improving the fuel properties of Nigella sativa biodiesel (NSME25). The concentration of n-butanol (10%) was kept constant, and asymmetric graphene oxide nano-additive and sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS) surfactant were added to n-butanol and NSME25 in the form of nanofluid in varying proportions. The nanofluids were prepared using a probe sonication process to prevent nanoparticles from agglomerating in the base fluid. The process was repeated for biodiesel, n-butanol and nanofluid, and four different stable and symmetric nanofuel mixtures were prepared by varying the graphene oxide (30, 60, 90 and 120 ppm). The nanofuel blend NSME25B10GO90 displayed an enhancement in the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and a reduction in brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) at maximum load due to high catalytic activity and the enhanced microexplosion phenomenon developed by graphene oxide nanoparticles. The heat release rate (HRR), in-cylinder temperature increased, while exhaust gas temperature (EGT) decreased. Smoke, hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions also fell, in a trade-off with marginally increased NOx, for all nanofuel blends, compared with Nigella sativa biodiesel. The results obtained indicates that 90 ppm of graphene oxide nanoparticles and 10% n-butanol in Nigella sativa biodiesel are comparable with diesel fuel.

Published in Symmetry

ISSN: 2073-8994 (Online)
Publisher: MDPI AG
Country of publisher: Switzerland
LCC subjects: Science: Mathematics
Website: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/symmetry/

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