Cardiorespiratory consequences of attenuated fentanyl and augmented rocuronium dosing during protocolised prehospital emergency anaesthesia at a regional air ambulance service: a retrospective study

Abstract

Abstract Background Pre-Hospital Emergency Anaesthesia (PHEA) has undergone significant developments since its inception. However, optimal drug dosing remains a challenge for both medical and trauma patients. Many prehospital teams have adopted a drug regimen of 3 mcg/kg fentanyl, 2 mg/kg ketamine and 1 mg/kg rocuronium (‘3:2:1’). At Essex and Herts Air Ambulance Trust (EHAAT) a new standard dosing regimen was introduced in August 2021: 1 mcg/kg fentanyl, 2 mg/kg ketamine and 2 mg/kg rocuronium (up to a maximum dose of 150 mg) (‘1:2:2’). The aim of this study was to evaluate the cardiorespiratory consequences of a new attenuated fentanyl and augmented rocuronium dosing regimen. Methods A retrospective study was conducted at EHAAT as a service evaluation. Anonymized records were reviewed from an electronic database to compare the original (‘3:2:1’) drug dosing regimen (December 2019-July 2021) and the new (‘1:2:2’) dosing regimen (September 2021-May 2023). The primary outcome was the incidence of absolute hypotension within ten minutes of induction. Secondary outcomes included immediate hypertension, immediate hypoxia and first pass success (FPS) rates. Results Following exclusions (n = 121), 720 PHEA cases were analysed (360 new vs. 360 original, no statistically significant difference in demographics). There was no difference in the rate of absolute hypotension (24.4% ‘1:2:2’ v 23.8% ‘3:2:1’, p = 0.93). In trauma patients, there was an increased first pass success (FPS) rate with the new regimen (95.1% v 86.5%, p = 0.01) and a reduced incidence of immediate hypoxia (7.9% v 14.8%, p = 0.05). There was no increase in immediate hypertensive episodes (22.7% vs. 24.2%, p = 0.73). No safety concerns were identified. Conclusion An attenuated fentanyl and augmented rocuronium dosing regimen showed no difference in absolute hypotensive episodes in a mixed cohort of medical and trauma patients. In trauma patients, the new regimen was associated with an increased FPS rate and reduced episodes of immediate hypoxia. Further research is required to understand the impact of such drug dosing in the most critically ill and injured subpopulation.

Keywords

• Pre-hospital anaesthesia
• Trauma
• Hypoxia
• Hypotension
• Drug regimens