A comprehensive cost mapping of digital technologies in greenhouses

Abstract

Conventional greenhouse producers face significant challenges in integrating advanced Industry 4.0 technologies into their production processes. One of the main obstacles is the lack of clarity regarding the components of technological costs. This article develops a cost mapping for the implementation of such technologies in the context of greenhouses. The mapping distinguishes between capital expenditures (CAPEX) and operational expenditures (OPEX), categorizing the key technological components and their financial implications. Based on the general findings from the literature review, several cost areas can be identified and classified as follows: hardware acquisition, installation and retrofitting, integration and customization, software and services, operational and maintenance costs. This cost structure will serve as a basis for future economic models and cost-benefit analysis (CBA), promoting strategic decision-making and a more informed and precise selection of digital technologies.

Keywords

• Smart agriculture
• Industry 4.0
• Greenhouse
• IoT
• Cost mapping
• Digital transformation