Roadmap for densification in cold sintering: Chemical pathways
Arnaud Ndayishimiye,
Mert Y. Sengul,
Takao Sada,
Sinan Dursun,
Sun Hwi Bang,
Zane A. Grady,
Kosuke Tsuji,
Shuichi Funahashi,
Adri C.T. van Duin,
Clive A. Randall
Affiliations
Arnaud Ndayishimiye
Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States; Corresponding author. Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
Mert Y. Sengul
Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States
Takao Sada
Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States; Monozukuri R&D Laboratory, KYOCERA Corporation, Kirishima, Kagoshima, 899-4312, Japan
Sinan Dursun
Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States
Sun Hwi Bang
Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States
Zane A. Grady
Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States
Kosuke Tsuji
Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States
Shuichi Funahashi
Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd., 1–10–1 Higashikotari, Nagaokakyo, Kyoto, 617–8555, Japan
Adri C.T. van Duin
Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States; Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States
Clive A. Randall
Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States
The cold sintering process (CSP) is a technique that enables densification of ceramics and composites at extremely low temperatures (T < 400 °C) with the application of a uniaxial pressure and a transient solvent. At the laboratory scale, comparing direct sintering methods relative to CSP evidences that the latter could enable a sustainable eco-manufacturing path with considerable energy and emission savings, as well as fast processing times. Thus far, cold sintering has been applied to different materials, compounds, solid solutions, and functional composites, pointing to multiple future opportunities. This paper summarizes some of the transient phase selections, different chemical approaches and subtle chemical reactions with the powders which can be used to drive the cold sintering processes in many important ceramics and composites. In doing so, this paper highlights some of the reasons why the fundamental understanding of CSP mechanisms remains challenging, but classification of the pathways as outlined here should aid progress towards a more comprehensive understanding.
