Autonomous seawater pCO2 and pH time series from 40 surface buoys and the emergence of anthropogenic trends

A. J. Sutton; R. A. Feely; S. Maenner-Jones; S. Musielwicz; S. Musielwicz; J. Osborne; J. Osborne; C. Dietrich; C. Dietrich; N. Monacci; J. Cross; R. Bott; A. Kozyr; A. J. Andersson; N. R. Bates; N. R. Bates; W.-J. Cai; M. F. Cronin; E. H. De Carlo; B. Hales; S. D. Howden; C. M. Lee; D. P. Manzello; M. J. McPhaden; M. Meléndez; M. Meléndez; J. B. Mickett; J. A. Newton; S. E. Noakes; J. H. Noh; S. R. Olafsdottir; J. E. Salisbury; U. Send; T. W. Trull; T. W. Trull; T. W. Trull; D. C. Vandemark; R. A. Weller

doi:10.5194/essd-11-421-2019

Earth System Science Data (Mar 2019)

Autonomous seawater pCO2 and pH time series from 40 surface buoys and the emergence of anthropogenic trends

A. J. Sutton,
R. A. Feely,
S. Maenner-Jones,
S. Musielwicz,
S. Musielwicz,
J. Osborne,
J. Osborne,
C. Dietrich,
C. Dietrich,
N. Monacci,
J. Cross,
R. Bott,
A. Kozyr,
A. J. Andersson,
N. R. Bates,
N. R. Bates,
W.-J. Cai,
M. F. Cronin,
E. H. De Carlo,
B. Hales,
S. D. Howden,
C. M. Lee,
D. P. Manzello,
M. J. McPhaden,
M. Meléndez,
M. Meléndez,
J. B. Mickett,
J. A. Newton,
S. E. Noakes,
J. H. Noh,
S. R. Olafsdottir,
J. E. Salisbury,
U. Send,
T. W. Trull,
T. W. Trull,
T. W. Trull,
D. C. Vandemark,
R. A. Weller

Affiliations

A. J. Sutton: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington, USA
R. A. Feely: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington, USA
S. Maenner-Jones: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington, USA
S. Musielwicz: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington, USA
S. Musielwicz: Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
J. Osborne: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington, USA
J. Osborne: Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
C. Dietrich: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington, USA
C. Dietrich: Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
N. Monacci: Ocean Acidification Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
J. Cross: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington, USA
R. Bott: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington, USA
A. Kozyr: National Centers for Environmental Information, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
A. J. Andersson: Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
N. R. Bates: Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St. Georges, Bermuda
N. R. Bates: Department of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
W.-J. Cai: University of Delaware, School of Marine Science and Policy, Newark, Delaware, USA
M. F. Cronin: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington, USA
E. H. De Carlo: University of Hawai'i at Maānoa, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
B. Hales: College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
S. D. Howden: Department of Marine Science, University of Southern Mississippi, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi, USA
C. M. Lee: Ocean Policy Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan, Korea
D. P. Manzello: Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, Florida, USA
M. J. McPhaden: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington, USA
M. Meléndez: Department of Earth Sciences and Ocean Processes Analysis Laboratory, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
M. Meléndez: Caribbean Coastal Ocean Observing System, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
J. B. Mickett: Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
J. A. Newton: Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
S. E. Noakes: Center for Applied Isotope Studies, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
J. H. Noh: Marine Ecosystem Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan, Korea
S. R. Olafsdottir: Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, Reykjavik, Iceland
J. E. Salisbury: Ocean Process Analysis Laboratory, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
U. Send: Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
T. W. Trull: Climate Science Centre, Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Hobart, Australia
T. W. Trull: Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, Hobart, Australia
T. W. Trull: Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
D. C. Vandemark: Ocean Process Analysis Laboratory, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
R. A. Weller: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-421-2019
Journal volume & issue: Vol. 11
pp. 421 – 439

Abstract

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Ship-based time series, some now approaching over 3 decades long, are critical climate records that have dramatically improved our ability to characterize natural and anthropogenic drivers of ocean carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake and biogeochemical processes. Advancements in autonomous marine carbon sensors and technologies over the last 2 decades have led to the expansion of observations at fixed time series sites, thereby improving the capability of characterizing sub-seasonal variability in the ocean. Here, we present a data product of 40 individual autonomous moored surface ocean pCO2 (partial pressure of CO2) time series established between 2004 and 2013, 17 also include autonomous pH measurements. These time series characterize a wide range of surface ocean carbonate conditions in different oceanic (17 sites), coastal (13 sites), and coral reef (10 sites) regimes. A time of trend emergence (ToE) methodology applied to the time series that exhibit well-constrained daily to interannual variability and an estimate of decadal variability indicates that the length of sustained observations necessary to detect statistically significant anthropogenic trends varies by marine environment. The ToE estimates for seawater pCO2 and pH range from 8 to 15 years at the open ocean sites, 16 to 41 years at the coastal sites, and 9 to 22 years at the coral reef sites. Only two open ocean pCO2 time series, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Hawaii Ocean Time-series Station (WHOTS) in the subtropical North Pacific and Stratus in the South Pacific gyre, have been deployed longer than the estimated trend detection time and, for these, deseasoned monthly means show estimated anthropogenic trends of 1.9±0.3 and 1.6±0.3 µatm yr−1, respectively. In the future, it is possible that updates to this product will allow for the estimation of anthropogenic trends at more sites; however, the product currently provides a valuable tool in an accessible format for evaluating climatology and natural variability of surface ocean carbonate chemistry in a variety of regions. Data are available at https://doi.org/10.7289/V5DB8043 and https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/ocads/oceans/Moorings/ndp097.html (Sutton et al., 2018).

Published in Earth System Science Data

ISSN: 1866-3508 (Print); 1866-3516 (Online)
Publisher: Copernicus Publications
Country of publisher: Germany
LCC subjects: Geography. Anthropology. Recreation: Environmental sciences; Science: Geology
Website: http://www.earth-system-science-data.net/

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