Design and synthesis of novel bis-pyridinium based-ionic liquids as potent antiparasitic agents
Esraa Abdelhamid Moneer,
Basant A. Bakr,
Sara H. Akl,
Yahya H. Shahin,
Bassma H. Elwakil,
Mohamed Hagar,
Keshav Raj Paudel,
Ateyatallah Aljuhani,
Mohamed Reda Aouad,
Nadjet Rezki
Affiliations
Esraa Abdelhamid Moneer
Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Technology, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
Basant A. Bakr
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21321, Egypt
Sara H. Akl
Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Technology, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
Yahya H. Shahin
Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Technology, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
Bassma H. Elwakil
Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Technology, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt; Corresponding author.
Mohamed Hagar
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21321, Egypt
Keshav Raj Paudel
Department of Oriental Medicine Resources, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam, 58554, Republic of Korea
Ateyatallah Aljuhani
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, 30002, Saudi Arabia
Mohamed Reda Aouad
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, 30002, Saudi Arabia
Nadjet Rezki
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, 30002, Saudi Arabia
Focused bis-pyridinium based-ionic liquids were successfully synthesized through the quaternization of the selected 1,2-di(pyridin-4-yl)ethane followed by metathetical anion exchange. The synthesized pyridinium derivatives were fully characterized using various NMR-spectroscopic techniques including 1H, 13C, 11B, 31P and 19F NMR. The synthesized compounds were tested for their potential effect against Toxoplasma gondii. It was revealed that compound 5 had higher antiparasitic activity compared to other compounds. Parasitic reduction percentage reached 38, 50, 77 and 79 for groups III, IV, V and VI respectively in the liver with noticed distortion and deformation in tachyzoites’ shape. Surprisingly there was no statistically significant difference between the synthesized compound 5 and the known anti-toxoplasmosis drug pyrimethamine. Histopathological study proved the effectiveness of the synthesized compound 5 on liver, spleen and brain tissues with observed better histological features compared to pyrimethamine treated group. The present investigation may pave the way to the possible use of compound 5 to replace the known drug pyrimethamine with better antiparasitic profile and fewer side effects.
