Effect of the Structural and Morphological Properties of Surfactant-Assisted Hydroxyapatite on Dermal Irritation and Antibacterial Activity
Giovanni García Domínguez,
Sebastián Diaz De La Torre,
Lorena Chávez Güitrón,
Erasto Vergara Hernández,
Joan Reyes Miranda,
Maribel Quezada Cruz,
Aristeo Garrido Hernández
Affiliations
Giovanni García Domínguez
Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIITEC IPN, Cerrada de Cecati S/N, Col. Santa Catarina, Azcapotzalco, Ciudad de México 02250, Mexico
Sebastián Diaz De La Torre
Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIITEC IPN, Cerrada de Cecati S/N, Col. Santa Catarina, Azcapotzalco, Ciudad de México 02250, Mexico
Lorena Chávez Güitrón
Universidad Tecnológica de México—UNITEC MÉXICO–Campus Ecatepec, Ecatepec de Morelos 55107, Estado de México, Mexico
Erasto Vergara Hernández
Instituto Politécnico Nacional, UPIIH, Carretera Pachuca—Actopan Kilómetro 1+500 Ciudad del Conocimiento y la Cultura, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42162, Hidalgo, Mexico
Joan Reyes Miranda
Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, UAM, Av. San Pablo Xalpa 180, Col. Reynosa-Tamaulipas, Azcapotzalco, Ciudad de México 02200, Mexico
Maribel Quezada Cruz
Universidad Tecnológica de Tecámac, UTTEC, Carretera Federal México–Pachuca Km 37.5, Col. Sierra Hermosa, Tecámac 55740, Estado de México, Mexico
Aristeo Garrido Hernández
Universidad Tecnológica de Tecámac, UTTEC, Carretera Federal México–Pachuca Km 37.5, Col. Sierra Hermosa, Tecámac 55740, Estado de México, Mexico
Hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles with a homogeneous rod morphology were successfully synthesized using the hydrothermal method. The powders were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The antibacterial and dermal irritation analyses of the samples were performed and discussed. The use of cationic and anionic surfactants, namely, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), respectively, at a low concentration (2.5 mol%) modified the length/diameter (L/D) ratio of the HAp rods. Structural characterizations of hydroxyapatite synthesized without surfactant (HA), with 2.5 and 5 mol% of SDS (SDS− and SDS+, respectively), and with 2.5 and 5 mol% of CTAB (CTAB− and CTAB+, respectively) revealed well-crystallized samples in the hexagonal phase. The CTAB− sample presented antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus anginosus, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, suggesting that antimicrobial susceptibility was promoted by the bacterial nature and the use of the surfactant. Dermal irritation showed no clinical signs of disease in rabbits during the study, where there was neither erythema nor necrosis at the inoculation sites.