Modulating the unfolded protein response with ISRIB mitigates cisplatin ototoxicity

Abstract

Abstract Cisplatin is a commonly used chemotherapy agent with a nearly universal side effect of sensorineural hearing loss. The cellular mechanisms underlying cisplatin ototoxicity are poorly understood. Efforts in drug development to prevent or reverse cisplatin ototoxicity have largely focused on pathways of oxidative stress and apoptosis. An effective treatment for cisplatin ototoxicity, sodium thiosulfate (STS), while beneficial when used in standard risk hepatoblastoma, is associated with reduced survival in disseminated pediatric malignancy, highlighting the need for more specific drugs without potential tumor protective effects. The unfolded protein response (UPR) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of noise-induced hearing loss and cochlear synaptopathy in vivo, and these pathways have been implicated broadly in cisplatin cytotoxicity. This study sought to determine whether the UPR can be targeted to prevent cisplatin ototoxicity. Neonatal cochlear cultures and HEK cells were exposed to cisplatin, and UPR marker gene expression and cell death measured. Treatment with ISRIB (Integrated Stress Response InhIBitor), a drug that activates eif2B and downregulates the pro-apoptotic PERK/CHOP pathway of the UPR, was tested for its ability to reduce apoptosis in HEK cells, hair-cell death in cochlear cultures, and hearing loss using an in vivo mouse model of cisplatin ototoxicity. Finally, to evaluate whether ISRIB might interfere with cisplatin chemoeffectiveness, we tested it in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell-based assays of cisplatin cytotoxicity. Cisplatin exhibited a biphasic, non-linear dose–response of cell death and apoptosis that correlated with different patterns of UPR marker gene expression in HEK cells and cochlear cultures. ISRIB treatment protected against cisplatin-induced hearing loss and hair-cell death, but did not impact cisplatin’s cytotoxic effects on HNSCC cell viability, unlike STS. These findings demonstrate that targeting the pro-apoptotic PERK/CHOP pathway with ISRIB can mitigate cisplatin ototoxicity without reducing anti-cancer cell effects, suggesting that this may be a viable strategy for drug development.

Keywords

• Cisplatin
• Ototoxicity
• Unfolded protein response
• Endoplasmic reticulum stress