Synergetic effect of Fe2O3 and Na2WO4 piezo catalyst to remove pharmaceuticals waste in water
Hawta K. Abdullah,
Sangar S. Ahmed,
Omid Amiri,
Muhammad H. Khalil,
Savana J. Ismael,
Nabaz A. Abdulrahman,
Karim A. Younis,
Karwan M Rahman,
Mika Sillanpää
Affiliations
Hawta K. Abdullah
Chemistry Department, College of Science, Salahaddin University, Kirkuk Road, 44001, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq; Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Knowledge University, Erbil 44001, Iraq
Sangar S. Ahmed
Chemistry Department, College of Science, Salahaddin University, Kirkuk Road, 44001, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
Omid Amiri
Research Center, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah City, 46001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq; Medical Laboratory Analysis Department, College of Health Sciences, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah City, 46001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq; Corresponding authors.
Muhammad H. Khalil
Chemistry Department, College of Science, Salahaddin University, Kirkuk Road, 44001, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
Savana J. Ismael
Chemistry Department, College of Science, Salahaddin University, Kirkuk Road, 44001, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
Nabaz A. Abdulrahman
Department of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
Karim A. Younis
Chemistry Department, College of Science, Salahaddin University, Kirkuk Road, 44001, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
Karwan M Rahman
Chemistry Department, College of Science, Salahaddin University, Kirkuk Road, 44001, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
Mika Sillanpää
Functional Materials Group, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Mubarak Al-Abdullah, 32093 Kuwait, Kuwait; Adnan Kassar School of Business, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon; Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, 140401, Punjab, India; Corresponding authors.
High efficiency and stability are two crucial factors in piezocatalysis reactions. In this research, the efficiency of Fe2O3 piezo catalysts significantly increased by coupling it with Na2WO4. Results indicate that Fe2O3 and Na2WO4 have a synergetic effect on the degradation of Amoxicillin (AMX), with Fe2O3/Na2WO4 degrading 88 % of AMX in the same conditions that pure Fe2O3 and Na2WO4 degrade only 42 % and 20.6 %, respectively. The degradation efficiency of Fe2O3 was improved by 114 % when it was coupled with Na2WO4. Fe2O3/Na2WO4 piezo catalyst was successfully used in 8 cycles while it keeps almost 85 % of its efficiency which indicates the stability of prepared piezo catalysts. Studying the mechanism of degradation by Fe2O3/Na2WO4 revealed that superoxide free radicals have a critical function in the decomposition of AMX. The kinetic study also indicates that at lower temperatures, the reaction follows a first-order reaction.
