Heliyon (May 2023)
Congenital rubella syndrome surveillance in India, 2016–21: Analysis of five years surveillance data
- Devika Shanmugasundaram,
- Sanjay Verma,
- Kuldeep Singh,
- Bhagirathi Dwibedi,
- Shally Awasthi,
- S. Mahantesh,
- Himabindu Singh,
- Sridhar Santhanam,
- Nivedita Mondal,
- Geetha S,
- Priya Sreenivasan,
- Shikha Malik,
- Manish Jain,
- Rajlakshmi Viswanathan,
- Shalini Tripathi,
- Bhupeshwari Patel,
- Gajanan Sapkal,
- R. Sabarinathan,
- Mini P. Singh,
- R.K. Ratho,
- Vijaylakshmi Nag,
- Ravishekhar Gadepalli,
- Tapas Kumar Som,
- Baijayantimala Mishra,
- Amita Jain,
- M. Ashok,
- Devara Sudha Madhuri,
- V Sudha Rani,
- Asha Mary Abraham,
- Deepa John,
- Rahul Dhodapkar,
- A. Syed Ali,
- Debasis Biswas,
- Deepashri Pratyeke,
- Ashish Bavdekar,
- Jayant Prakash,
- Varsha Singh,
- Nidhi Prasad,
- Jaydeb Ray,
- Agniva Majumdar,
- Shanta Dutta,
- Nivedita Gupta,
- Manoj Murhekar,
- Akhil Sharma,
- Aniruddha Ghosh,
- Arun Alexander,
- Arun Baranwal,
- Avinash Anantharaj,
- Adhisivam Bethou,
- Dolat S. Shekhawat,
- G. Kiruthika,
- Jagat Ram,
- Madhu Gupta,
- Mamatha Gowda,
- Manoj K Rohit,
- Nabaneeta Dash,
- Naveen Sankhyan,
- Nidhi Kaushal,
- Niranjan Hunasanahalli Shivanna,
- Nirupama Kasturi,
- P. Prem Kumar,
- Parul Chawla Gupta,
- Pradeep Kumar Gunasekaran,
- Pratibha Singh,
- Praveen Kumar,
- Sanjay Kumar Munjal,
- Siddharth Agarwal,
- Suhani Manasa,
- Suruchi Shukla,
- Urvashi Nehra,
- Valsan P Verghese,
- Varuna Vyas,
- Vikas Gupta
Affiliations
- Devika Shanmugasundaram
- ICMR–National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
- Sanjay Verma
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Kuldeep Singh
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
- Bhagirathi Dwibedi
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- Shally Awasthi
- King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
- S. Mahantesh
- Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bengaluru, India
- Himabindu Singh
- Niloufer Hospital, Hyderabad, India
- Sridhar Santhanam
- Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
- Nivedita Mondal
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
- Geetha S
- Government Medical College, Trivandrum, India
- Priya Sreenivasan
- Government Medical College, Trivandrum, India
- Shikha Malik
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
- Manish Jain
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, India
- Rajlakshmi Viswanathan
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Shalini Tripathi
- King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
- Bhupeshwari Patel
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
- Gajanan Sapkal
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- R. Sabarinathan
- ICMR–National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
- Mini P. Singh
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- R.K. Ratho
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Vijaylakshmi Nag
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
- Ravishekhar Gadepalli
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
- Tapas Kumar Som
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- Baijayantimala Mishra
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- Amita Jain
- King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
- M. Ashok
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- Devara Sudha Madhuri
- Niloufer Hospital, Hyderabad, India
- V Sudha Rani
- Niloufer Hospital, Hyderabad, India
- Asha Mary Abraham
- Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
- Deepa John
- Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
- Rahul Dhodapkar
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
- A. Syed Ali
- Government Medical College, Trivandrum, India
- Debasis Biswas
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
- Deepashri Pratyeke
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, India
- Ashish Bavdekar
- KEM Hospital, Pune, India
- Jayant Prakash
- Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
- Varsha Singh
- Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
- Nidhi Prasad
- Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
- Jaydeb Ray
- Institute of Child Health, Kolkata, India
- Agniva Majumdar
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
- Shanta Dutta
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
- Nivedita Gupta
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
- Manoj Murhekar
- ICMR–National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India; Corresponding author.
- Akhil Sharma
- King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
- Aniruddha Ghosh
- Institute of Child Health, Kolkata, India
- Arun Alexander
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
- Arun Baranwal
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Avinash Anantharaj
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
- Adhisivam Bethou
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
- Dolat S. Shekhawat
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
- G. Kiruthika
- ICMR–National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
- Jagat Ram
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Madhu Gupta
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Mamatha Gowda
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
- Manoj K Rohit
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Nabaneeta Dash
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Naveen Sankhyan
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Nidhi Kaushal
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
- Niranjan Hunasanahalli Shivanna
- Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bengaluru, India
- Nirupama Kasturi
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
- P. Prem Kumar
- Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bengaluru, India
- Parul Chawla Gupta
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Pradeep Kumar Gunasekaran
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
- Pratibha Singh
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
- Praveen Kumar
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Sanjay Kumar Munjal
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Siddharth Agarwal
- King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
- Suhani Manasa
- Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bengaluru, India
- Suruchi Shukla
- King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
- Urvashi Nehra
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Valsan P Verghese
- Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
- Varuna Vyas
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
- Vikas Gupta
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
- Journal volume & issue
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Vol. 9,
no. 5
p. e15965
Abstract
Background: In India, facility-based surveillance for congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) was initiated in 2016 to estimate the burden and monitor the progress made in rubella control. We analyzed the surveillance data for 2016–2021 from 14 sentinel sites to describe the epidemiology of CRS. Method: We analyzed the surveillance data to describe the distribution of suspected and laboratory confirmed CRS patients by time, place and person characteristics. We compared clinical signs of laboratory confirmed CRS and discarded case-patients to find independent predictors of CRS using logistic regression analysis and developed a risk prediction model. Results: During 2016–21, surveillance sites enrolled 3940 suspected CRS case-patients (Age 3.5 months, SD: 3.5). About one-fifth (n = 813, 20.6%) were enrolled during newborn examination. Of the suspected CRS patients, 493 (12.5%) had laboratory evidence of rubella infection. The proportion of laboratory confirmed CRS cases declined from 26% in 2017 to 8.7% in 2021. Laboratory confirmed patients had higher odds of having hearing impairment (Odds ratio [OR] = 9.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.6–16.2), cataract (OR = 7.8, 95% CI: 5.4–11.2), pigmentary retinopathy (OR = 6.7, 95 CI: 3.3–13.6), structural heart defect with hearing impairment (OR = 3.8, 95% CI: 1.2–12.2) and glaucoma (OR = 3.1, 95% CI: 1.2–8.1). Nomogram, along with a web version, was developed. Conclusions: Rubella continues to be a significant public health issue in India. The declining trend of test positivity among suspected CRS case-patients needs to be monitored through continued surveillance in these sentinel sites.
