Frontiers in Pediatrics (Sep 2023)
Case report: Presentations and cytokine profiles of inflammatory non-pulmonary COVID-19 and related diseases in children
- Yen-Chun Chao,
- Yen-Chun Chao,
- Yen-Chun Chao,
- Horng-Woei Yang,
- Lung Chang,
- Lung Chang,
- Lung Chang,
- Lung Chang,
- Chih-Wen Tseng,
- Li-Ching Fang,
- Li-Ching Fang,
- Li-Ching Fang,
- Li-Ching Fang,
- Che-Sheng Ho,
- Che-Sheng Ho,
- Che-Sheng Ho,
- Hsin Chi,
- Hsin Chi,
- Hsin Chi,
- Hsin Chi,
- Kuender D. Yang,
- Kuender D. Yang,
- Kuender D. Yang,
- Kuender D. Yang,
- Kuender D. Yang
Affiliations
- Yen-Chun Chao
- Division of Cardiology, MacKay Children’s Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Yen-Chun Chao
- Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Yen-Chun Chao
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
- Horng-Woei Yang
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Lung Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Lung Chang
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
- Lung Chang
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Lung Chang
- Division of Infectious Disease, MacKay Children’s Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Chih-Wen Tseng
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Li-Ching Fang
- Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Li-Ching Fang
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
- Li-Ching Fang
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Li-Ching Fang
- Division of Allergy-Immunology-Rheumatology, MacKay Children’s Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Che-Sheng Ho
- Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Che-Sheng Ho
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
- Che-Sheng Ho
- Division of Neurology, MacKay Children’s Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Hsin Chi
- Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Hsin Chi
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
- Hsin Chi
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Hsin Chi
- Division of Infectious Disease, MacKay Children’s Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Kuender D. Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Kuender D. Yang
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Kuender D. Yang
- Division of Allergy-Immunology-Rheumatology, MacKay Children’s Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Kuender D. Yang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Kuender D. Yang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2023.1209772
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 11
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has evolved to dynamic waves of different SARS-CoV-2 variants. Initially, children diagnosed with COVID-19 presented pulmonary involvement characterized by mild diseases. In the later waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, life-threatening non-pulmonary inflammatory diseases such as (1) aseptic meningoencephalitis (ME), (2) acute necrotizing encephalopathies (ANE), and (3) multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) have been reported, affecting the pediatric population. To alert timely identification and prevention of the life-threatening non-pulmonary COVID-19, we present the cases of ME, ANE, and MIS-C in terms of clinical manifestation, cytokine profile, and follow-up consequences. Based on the immunopathogenesis and risk factors associated with non-pulmonary COVID-19, we delineate strategies for an early diagnosis and treatment to reduce morbidity and mortality in children.
Keywords
- coronavirus disease 2019
- non-pulmonary COVID-19
- meningoencephalitis
- acute necrotizing encephalopathy
- multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children
- SARS-CoV-2
