Variational Autoencoders and Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Networks for Improving the Anti-Money Laundering Process

Abstract

There has been much recent work on fraud and Anti Money Laundering (AML) detection using machine learning techniques. However, most algorithms are based on supervised techniques. Studies show that supervised techniques often have the limitation of not adapting well to new irregular fraud patterns when the dataset is highly imbalanced. Instead, unsupervised learning can have a better capability to find anomalous and irregular patterns in new transaction. Despite this, unsupervised techniques also have the disadvantage of not being able to give state-of-the-art detection results. We propose a suite of unsupervised and deep learning techniques to implement an anti-money laundering and fraud detection system to resolve this limitation. The system leverages three deep learning models: autoencoder (AE), variational autoencoder (VAE), and a generative adversarial network. We preprocess the given dataset to separate the Transaction Date attribute into its base components to capture time-related fraud patterns. Also, Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Network (WGAN) is used to generate fraud transactions, which are then mixed with the base dataset to form a more balanced mixed dataset. These two datasets are used to train the AE and VAE models. We built two versions of the AE model (single-loss and multi-loss) besides a novel method of calculating the anomaly score threshold, called Recall-First Threshold (RFT), which helps enhance the model’s performance. Experimental results demonstrated that the False Positive Rate (FPR) drops down to as low as 7% in the proposed multi-loss AE model. In comparison, we achieved an accuracy of 93%, with 100% of the fraud transactions recalled successfully.

Keywords

• Anti-money laundering (AML)
• autoencoders
• anomaly detection
• deep learning
• fraud detection
• GANs