Molecular Cancer (Oct 2024)

Epigenome-wide analysis across the development span of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia: backtracking to birth

  • Akram Ghantous,
  • Semira Gonseth Nusslé,
  • Farah J. Nassar,
  • Natalia Spitz,
  • Alexei Novoloaca,
  • Olga Krali,
  • Eric Nickels,
  • Vincent Cahais,
  • Cyrille Cuenin,
  • Ritu Roy,
  • Shaobo Li,
  • Maxime Caron,
  • Dilys Lam,
  • Peter Daniel Fransquet,
  • John Casement,
  • Gordon Strathdee,
  • Mark S. Pearce,
  • Helen M. Hansen,
  • Hwi-Ho Lee,
  • Yong Sun Lee,
  • Adam J. de Smith,
  • Daniel Sinnett,
  • Siri Eldevik Håberg,
  • Jill A. McKay,
  • Jessica Nordlund,
  • Per Magnus,
  • Terence Dwyer,
  • Richard Saffery,
  • Joseph Leo Wiemels,
  • Monica Cheng Munthe-Kaas,
  • Zdenko Herceg

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-024-02118-4
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 23, no. 1
pp. 1 – 8

Abstract

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Abstract Background Cancer is the leading cause of disease-related mortality in children. Causes of leukemia, the most common form, are largely unknown. Growing evidence points to an origin in-utero, when global redistribution of DNA methylation occurs driving tissue differentiation. Methods Epigenome-wide DNA methylation was profiled in surrogate (blood) and target (bone marrow) tissues at birth, diagnosis, remission and relapse of pediatric pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pre-B ALL) patients. Double-blinded analyses was performed between prospective cohorts extending from birth to diagnosis and retrospective studies backtracking from clinical disease to birth. Validation was carried out using independent technologies and populations. Results The imprinted and immuno-modulating VTRNA2-1 was hypermethylated (FDR<0.05) at birth in nested cases relative to controls in all tested populations (totaling 317 cases and 483 controls), including European and Hispanic ancestries. VTRNA2-1 methylation was stable over follow-up years after birth and across surrogate, target and other tissues (n=5,023 tissues; 30 types). When profiled in leukemic tissues from two clinical cohorts (totaling 644 cases), VTRNA2-1 methylation exhibited higher levels at diagnosis relative to controls, it reset back to normal levels at remission, and then re-increased to above control levels at relapse. Hypermethylation was significantly associated with worse pre-B ALL patient survival and with reduced VTRNA2-1 expression (n=2,294 tissues; 26 types), supporting a functional and translational role for VTRNA2-1 methylation. Conclusion This study provides proof-of-concept to detect at birth epigenetic precursors of pediatric pre-B ALL. These alterations were reproducible with different technologies, in three continents and in two ethnicities, and can offer biomarkers for early detection and prognosis as well as actionable targets for therapy.

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