Quantitative microbial risk assessment of gastrointestinal illness due to recreational exposure to E. coli and enterococci on the southern coasts of the Caspian Sea
Hadi Niknejad,
Somayeh Hoseinvandtabar,
Maryam Panahandeh,
Fathollah Gholami-Borujeni,
Reihaneh Janipoor,
Roghayeh Abedi Sarvestani,
Reza Saeedi,
Mohsen Hesami Arani,
Mehrnoosh Abtahi,
Mohammad Rafiee
Affiliations
Hadi Niknejad
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Somayeh Hoseinvandtabar
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Maryam Panahandeh
Environmental Research Institute, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Rasht, Iran
Fathollah Gholami-Borujeni
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Reihaneh Janipoor
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Roghayeh Abedi Sarvestani
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Reza Saeedi
Department of Health, Safety and Environment (HSE), School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Mohsen Hesami Arani
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Mehrnoosh Abtahi
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Mohammad Rafiee
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Corresponding author.
Background: Gastrointestinal illness refers to a broad range of diseases that affect the digestive system, including infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) is a powerful tool used to evaluate the risks associated with microbial pathogens in various environments. The main objective of this study was to conduct a quantitative assessment of gastrointestinal illnesses that occur as a result of exposure to E. coli and enterococci during recreational activities on the southern coasts of the Caspian Sea. Methods: Samples were collected from the recreational beaches along the border line of the Caspian Sea. The samples were analyzed for the presence and enumeration of E. coli and enterococci using the microplate method and membrane filtration techniques. Then, the annual and daily infection risks were computed using the Monte Carlo simulation approach. Results: The results revealed that the risk of daily and annual infections on the coasts of Babolsar was higher than that on the coasts of Sari. Also, in the recreational waters of these beaches, the risk of infection by enterococci was higher than that posed by E. coli. In Babolsar, the average annual infection risk caused by E. coli and enterococci was 0.365 and 1 for children and 0.181 and 0.986 for adults. Also, in Sari, the average annual infection risk caused by E. coli and enterococci was 0.060 and 0.908 for children and 0.027 and 0.815 for adults. In addition, children were more likely than adults to become infected. Conclusion: In light of the study's findings, due to the entry of untreated urban wastewater into the southern part of the Caspian Sea (northern Iran) and the high risk of infectious diseases for children, more control and health measures are necessary for children's swimming.
