The dimensional structure of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale in first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders: an Exploratory Graph Analysis from the OPTiMiSE trial

Abstract

Abstract The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) is the most widely used rating scale to assess psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia and other primary psychoses. However, a definitive consensus regarding its dimensional structure remains elusive. The present work aims to determine the number of dimensions of the scale through a network analysis approach in a sample of individuals experiencing first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorder (FE-SSD) with minimal or no prior exposure to antipsychotic treatment. Baseline data of 446 participants (age 25.96 ± 5.99 years, 70% males) enrolled in the OPTiMiSE trial were analysed. Exploratory Graph Analysis (EGA) was conducted to evaluate the dimensionality of the PANSS, and a bootstrap approach (bootEGA) was employed to assess model stability. The analysis was replicated, excluding unstable items with stability values below 0.75, until a stable model was achieved. The analysis of the 30 items of the PANSS revealed inadequate structural consistency, resulting in the exclusion of 9 unstable items. The final model comprised 21 symptoms distributed across four communities (Positive, Cognitive/Disorganised, Excited/Aggressive and Negative) but lacked a depressive domain. In conclusion, we propose a concise version of the PANSS, incorporating 21 items, to better assess the core symptoms of the first episode of SSD. This revised version provides clinicians with a robust psychometric tool with reduced administration time, but the complementary administration of a dedicated instrument for evaluating affective symptoms is advisable.