The Metallicities of Five Small High-velocity Clouds

Abstract

High-velocity clouds (HVCs) are multiphase gas structures whose velocities (∣ v _LSR ∣ ≥ 100 km s ^−1 ) are too high to be explained by Galactic disk rotation. While large HVCs are well characterized, compact and small HVCs (with H i angular sizes of a few degrees) are poorly understood. Possible origins for such small clouds include Milky Way (MW) halo gas or fragments of the Magellanic System, but neither their origin nor their connection to the MW halo has been confirmed. We use new Hubble Space Telescope/Cosmic Origins Spectrograph UV spectra and Green Bank Telescope H i spectra to measure the metallicities of five small HVCs in the southern Galactic sky projected near the Magellanic System. We build a set of distance-dependent Cloudy photoionization models for each cloud and calculate their ionization-corrected metallicities. All five small HVCs have oxygen metallicities ≤0.17 Z _⊙ , indicating they do not originate in the disk of the MW. Two of the five have metallicities of 0.16–0.17 Z _⊙ , similar to the Magellanic Stream, suggesting these clouds are fragments of the Magellanic System. The remaining three clouds have much lower metallicities of 0.02–0.04 Z _⊙ . While the origin of these low-metallicity clouds is unclear, they could be gaseous minihalos or gas stripped from dwarf galaxies by ram pressure or tidal interactions. These results suggest that small HVCs do not all reside in the inner MW halo or the Magellanic System, but instead can trace more distant structures.

Keywords

• Milky Way Galaxy
• High-velocity clouds
• Chemical abundances
• Ultraviolet astronomy
• Local Group
• Circumgalactic medium