A Ratiometric Organic Fluorescent Nanogel Thermometer for Highly Sensitive Temperature Sensing

Abstract

Sensing temperature in biological systems is of great importance, as it is constructive to understanding various physiological and pathological processes. However, the realization of highly sensitive temperature sensing with organic fluorescent nanothermometers remains challenging. In this study, we report a ratiometric fluorescent nanogel thermometer and study its application in the determination of bactericidal temperature. The nanogel is composed of a polarity-sensitive aggregation-induced emission luminogen with dual emissions, a thermoresponsive polymer with a phase transition function, and an ionic surface with net positive charges. During temperature-induced phase transition, the nanogel exhibits a reversible and sensitive spectral change between a red-emissive state and a blue-emissive state by responding to the hydrophilic-to-hydrophobic change in the local environment. The correlation between the emission intensity ratio of the two states and the external temperature is delicately established, and the maximum relative thermal sensitivities of the optimal nanogel are determined to be 128.42 and 68.39% °C−1 in water and a simulated physiological environment, respectively. The nanogel is further applied to indicate the bactericidal temperature in both visual and ratiometric ways, holding great promise in the rapid prediction of photothermal antibacterial effects and other temperature-related biological events.

Keywords

• aggregation-induced emission
• twist intramolecular charge transfer
• thermoresponsive polymer
• nanogel
• ratiometric sensing
• nanothermometer