Intravenous immunoglobulin-resistant Kawasaki disease: Risk factors in children in a middle-income country

Abstract

Background: Identifying risk factors in patients with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) resistance Kawasaki disease (KD) is vital in managing and preventing coronary artery aneurysms (CAAs). We aimed to study the risk factors for IVIG resistance KD in Malaysian children. Methods: This retrospective observational study of children with KD was conducted at two tertiary hospitals in Malaysia from January 2014 to December 2019. Multivariable binary logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors associated with IVIG resistance. Results: A total of 174 patients, 118 males (67.8%) with a median age of 1.4-year-old (interquartile range: 0.1–12.1-year-old), were analyzed. Early (10 days) IVIG treatments were observed in 14 (8.1%) and19 (11.0%), respectively. Thirty-two patients (18.4%) had IVIG resistance. The independent factors associated with IVIG resistance were high white cell count, hypoalbuminemia, and extremities changes with an odd ratio of 4.7, 3.0, and 4.0, respectively. In addition CAA was significantly higher in IVIG resistance compared to IVIG responder patients (57.5% [19/33] vs. 23.4% [33/141], P < 0.001). The sensitivity was high in Harada (93.8%) but low in Kobayashi and Egami (46.9%and 34.4%, respectively). The specificity was high with Egami (79.6%) but low in Harada and Kobayashi (22.5% and 64.1%, respectively). Conclusion: Leukocytosis, hypoalbuminemia, and extremities changes were independent risk factors for IVIG resistance. The variation in sensitivity and specificity of the Japanese scoring makes it unsuitable for predicting IVIG resistance in Malaysian children.

Keywords

• coronary artery aneurysm
• intravenous immunoglobulin resistant
• kawasaki disease
• risk factor