Modeling of Evaporation Rate for Peatland Fire Prevention Using Internet of Things (IoT) System
Lu Li,
Aduwati Sali,
Nor Kamariah Noordin,
Alyani Ismail,
Fazirulhisyam Hashim,
Mohd Fadlee A. Rasid,
Marsyita Hanafi,
Sheriza Mohd Razali,
Nurizana Amir Aziz,
Imas Sukaesih Sitanggang,
Lailan Syaufina,
Ati Dwi Nurhayati
Affiliations
Lu Li
Wireless and Photonics Networks Research Centre of Excellence (WiPNET), Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Aduwati Sali
Wireless and Photonics Networks Research Centre of Excellence (WiPNET), Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Nor Kamariah Noordin
Wireless and Photonics Networks Research Centre of Excellence (WiPNET), Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Alyani Ismail
Wireless and Photonics Networks Research Centre of Excellence (WiPNET), Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Fazirulhisyam Hashim
Wireless and Photonics Networks Research Centre of Excellence (WiPNET), Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Mohd Fadlee A. Rasid
Wireless and Photonics Networks Research Centre of Excellence (WiPNET), Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Marsyita Hanafi
Wireless and Photonics Networks Research Centre of Excellence (WiPNET), Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Sheriza Mohd Razali
Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Nurizana Amir Aziz
Malaysian Meteorological Department (METMalaysia), Jalan Sultan, Petaling Jaya 46667, Selangor, Malaysia
Imas Sukaesih Sitanggang
Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
Lailan Syaufina
Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
Ati Dwi Nurhayati
Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
Peatland refers to the peat soil and wetland biological environment growing on the surface. However, unexpected fires in peatlands frequently have brought severe greenhouse gas emissions and transboundary haze to Southeast Asia. To alleviate this issue, this paper first establishes an Internet of Things (IoT) system for peatland monitoring and management in the Raja Musa Forest Reserve (RMFR) in Selangor, Malaysia, and proposes a more efficient and low-complexity model for calculating the Duff Moisture Code (DMC) in peatland forests using groundwater level (GWL) and relative humidity. The feasibility of the IoT system is verified by comparing its data with those published by Malaysian Meteorological Department (METMalaysia). The proposed Linear_DMC Model and Linear_Mixed_DMC Model are compared with the Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) model, and their performance is evaluated using IoT measurement data and actual values published by METMalaysia. The results show that the correlation between the measured data of the IoT system and the data from METMalaysia within the same duration is larger than 0.84, with a mean square error (MSE) of 2.56, and a correlation of 0.91 can be achieved between calculated DMC using the proposed model and actual values. This finding is of great significance for predicting peatland forest fires in the field and providing the basis for fire prevention and decision making to improve disaster prevention and reduction.
