The Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Echinops cephalotes L. on Expression of Inflammatory Factors in Chondrocytes and THP-1 Cells as a Model of Monocyte/Macrophage and Human Cartilage Cells in Osteoarthritis

Abstract

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the main causes of physical disability worldwide. Considering the complications of common treatments of OA, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids, establishment of new treatments is crucial. Objective: This study aimed to explore the effect of Echinops cephalotes extract on the main inflammatory biomarkers in OA. Methods: Hydroalcoholic extract of Echinops cephalotes, Ibuprofen and betamethasone were prepared to investigate their effects on inflammatory biomarkers. Human monocyte/macrophage (THP-1) cells and chondrocytes cells were used as a model of monocyte/macrophage and human cartilage cells in osteoarthritis. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induce production of inflammatory cytokines in both cells. After RNA extraction and production of cDNA, RT_PCR & PCR were done. Then Real Time-PCR was used to investigate the amount of expression of proinflammatory genes. Results: Echinops cephalotes extract reduced mRNA expression level of proinflammatory cytokines in the cells induced by LPS. Moreover, production of PGE2 and NO in in the LPS-induced THP-1 cells was reduced by this extract. Ibuprofen and betamethasone were more effective in reducing above inflammatory agents than the extract. Conclusion: Echinops cephalotes extract can be used as a supplementary treatment option in osteoarthritis to reduce NSAIDs and corticosteroids dose in treatment of this disease.

Keywords

• <i>echinops cephalotes</i>
• chondrocyte
• cytokine
• monocyte/macrophage
• osteoarthritis