Veterinary Research (Mar 2012)

T-2 toxin induced <it>Salmonella </it>Typhimurium intoxication results in decreased <it>Salmonella </it>numbers in the cecum contents of pigs, despite marked effects on <it>Salmonella</it>-host cell interactions

  • Verbrugghe Elin,
  • Vandenbroucke Virginie,
  • Dhaenens Maarten,
  • Shearer Neil,
  • Goossens Joline,
  • De Saeger Sarah,
  • Eeckhout Mia,
  • D'Herde Katharina,
  • Thompson Arthur,
  • Deforce Dieter,
  • Boyen Filip,
  • Leyman Bregje,
  • Van Parys Alexander,
  • De Backer Patrick,
  • Haesebrouck Freddy,
  • Croubels Siska,
  • Pasmans Frank

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1297-9716-43-22
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 43, no. 1
p. 22

Abstract

Read online

Abstract The mycotoxin T-2 toxin and Salmonella Typhimurium infections pose a significant threat to human and animal health. Interactions between both agents may result in a different outcome of the infection. Therefore, the aim of the presented study was to investigate the effects of low and relevant concentrations of T-2 toxin on the course of a Salmonella Typhimurium infection in pigs. We showed that the presence of 15 and 83 μg T-2 toxin per kg feed significantly decreased the amount of Salmonella Typhimurium bacteria present in the cecum contents, and a tendency to a reduced colonization of the jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon and colon contents was noticed. In vitro, proteomic analysis of porcine enterocytes revealed that a very low concentration of T-2 toxin (5 ng/mL) affects the protein expression of mitochondrial, endoplasmatic reticulum and cytoskeleton associated proteins, proteins involved in protein synthesis and folding, RNA synthesis, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and regulatory processes. Similarly low concentrations (1-100 ng/mL) promoted the susceptibility of porcine macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells to Salmonella Typhimurium invasion, in a SPI-1 independent manner. Furthermore, T-2 toxin (1-5 ng/mL) promoted the translocation of Salmonella Typhimurium over an intestinal porcine epithelial cell monolayer. Although these findings may seem in favour of Salmonella Typhimurium, microarray analysis showed that T-2 toxin (5 ng/mL) causes an intoxication of Salmonella Typhimurium, represented by a reduced motility and a downregulation of metabolic and Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 genes. This study demonstrates marked interactions of T-2 toxin with Salmonella Typhimurium pathogenesis, resulting in bacterial intoxication.