Isolated atrioventricular block of unknown origin in the adult and autoimmunity: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations exemplified by 3 anti-Ro/SSA–associated cases

• Pietro Enea Lazzerini, MD,
• Antonio Brucato, MD,
• Pier Leopoldo Capecchi, MD,
• Lucia Baldi, MD,
• Maria Romana Bacarelli, Tech,
• Claudia Nucci, MD,
• Valentina Moscadelli, MD,
• Gabriella Morozzi, BiolD,
• Mohamed Boutjdir, PhD,
• Franco Laghi-Pasini, MD

Affiliations

Pietro Enea Lazzerini, MD

Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

Antonio Brucato, MD

Department of Internal Medicine, “Papa Giovanni XXIII” Hospital, Bergamo, Italy

Pier Leopoldo Capecchi, MD

Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

Lucia Baldi, MD

Department of Heart, Thorax and Vessels, University Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy

Maria Romana Bacarelli, Tech

Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

Claudia Nucci, MD

Department of Heart, Thorax and Vessels, University Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy

Valentina Moscadelli, MD

Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

Gabriella Morozzi, BiolD

Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

Mohamed Boutjdir, PhD

Research Department, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, New York

Franco Laghi-Pasini, MD

Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy