Large regional-scale variation in C3/C4 distribution pattern of Inner Mongolia steppe is revealed by grazer wool carbon isotope composition

Abstract

This work explored the spatial variation of C3/C4 distribution in the Inner Mongolia, P. R. China, steppe by geostatistical analysis of carbon isotope data of vegetation and sheep wool. Standing community biomass (<i>n</i>=118) and sheep wool (<i>n</i>=146) were sampled in a ~0.2 Mio km² area. Samples from ten consecutive years (1998–2007) were obtained. Community biomass samples represented the carbon isotopic composition of standing vegetation on about 1000 m² ("community-scale"), whereas the spatio-temporal scale of wool reflected the isotope composition of the entire area grazed by the herd during a 1-yr period (~5–10 km², "farm-scale"). Pair wise sampling of wool and vegetation revealed a ¹³C-enrichment of 2.7&plusmn;0.7&permil; (95% confidence interval) in wool relative to vegetation, but this shift exhibited no apparent relationships with environmental parameters or stocking rate. The proportion of C4 plants in above-ground biomass (P_C4, %) was estimated with a two-member mixing model of ¹³C discrimination by C3 and C4 vegetation (¹³Δ₃ and ¹³Δ₄, respectively), in accounting for the effects of changing ¹³C in atmospheric CO₂ on sample isotope composition, and of altitude and aridity on ¹³Δ₃. P_C4 averaged 19%, but the variation was enormous: full-scale (0% to 100%) at community-scale, and 0% to 85% at farm-scale. The farm-scale variation of P_C4 exhibited a clear regional pattern over a range of ~250 km. Importantly P_C4 was significantly higher above the 22&deg;C isotherm of the warmest month, which was obtained from annual high-resolution maps and averaged over the different sampling years. This is consistent with predictions from C3/C4 crossover temperature of quantum yield or light use efficiency in C3 and C4 plants. Still, temperature gradients accounted for only 10% of the farm-scale variation of P_C4, indicating that additional factors control P_C4 on this scale.