Immune checkpoint inhibitors and the risk of major atherosclerotic cardiovascular events in patients with high-risk or advanced melanoma: a retrospective cohort study

Abstract

Abstract Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are associated with immune-mediated adverse effects, potentially involving any organ. ICI has also been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in cancer populations. Objective To characterize the incidence and risk of major atherosclerotic cardiovascular events associated with ICI use in a high-risk and advanced melanoma population. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with high-risk or advanced melanoma (AJCC stage II, III or IV) presenting to an academic tertiary hospital between 2015–2020. The main outcome was major atherosclerotic cardiovascular events (MACE) including acute myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, acute limb ischemia and coronary revascularization. Results The study cohort consisted of 646 patients, including 289 who had been treated with ICI. The incidence of MACE was higher in the ICI treated group (3.6 vs. 0.9 events per 100-person years). After adjusting for age, sex, smoking history and prior BRAF and/or MEK inhibitor use, ICI treatment was associated with an increased risk of MACE (HRadj 2.8, 95% CI 1.1–6.9, p = 0.03). Elevated risk was especially pronounced in patients with a past history of MACE (HR 14.4, 95% CI 1.9–112.3, p = 0.01). Conclusion Patients with high-risk or advanced melanoma are at an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular events following ICI treatment, particularly those with a history of cardiovascular disease.