Nonmuscle myosin IIA dynamically guides regulatory light chain phosphorylation and assembly of nonmuscle myosin IIB

Abstract

Nonmuscle myosin II minifilaments have emerged as central elements for force generation and mechanosensing by mammalian cells. Each minifilament can have a different composition and activity due to the existence of the three nonmuscle myosin II paralogs A, B and C and their respective phosphorylation pattern. We have used CRISPR/Cas9-based knockout cells, quantitative image analysis and mathematical modeling to dissect the dynamic processes that control the formation and activity of heterotypic minifilaments and found a strong asymmetry between paralogs A and B. Loss of NM IIA completely abrogates regulatory light chain phosphorylation and reduces the level of assembled NM IIB. Activated NM IIB preferentially co-localizes with pre-formed NM IIA minifilaments and stabilizes the filament in a force-dependent mechanism. NM IIC is only weakly coupled to these processes. We conclude that NM IIA and B play clearly defined complementary roles during assembly of functional minifilaments. NM IIA is responsible for the formation of nascent pioneer minifilaments. NM IIB incorporates into these and acts as a clutch that limits the force output to prevent excessive NM IIA activity. Together these two paralogs form a balanced system for regulated force generation.

Keywords

• Mechanobiology
• Cellular force generation
• Actomyosin
• Nonmuscle myosin II
• Minifilaments
• Paralogs