Biocompatibility Evaluation of Carbon Nanohorns in Bone Tissues
Katsuya Ueda,
Chuang Ma,
Makoto Izumiya,
Chika Kuroda,
Haruka Ishida,
Takeshi Uemura,
Naoto Saito,
Kaoru Aoki,
Hisao Haniu
Affiliations
Katsuya Ueda
Biomedical Engineering Division, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Nagano, Japan
Chuang Ma
Biomedical Engineering Division, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Nagano, Japan
Makoto Izumiya
Biomedical Engineering Division, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Nagano, Japan
Chika Kuroda
Department of Organ Anatomy and Nanomedicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
Haruka Ishida
Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Nagano, Japan
Takeshi Uemura
Biomedical Engineering Division, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Nagano, Japan
Naoto Saito
Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Nagano, Japan
Kaoru Aoki
Physical Therapy Division, School of Health Sciences, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Nagano, Japan
Hisao Haniu
Biomedical Engineering Division, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Nagano, Japan
With the advent of nanotechnology, the use of nanoparticles as drug delivery system (DDS) has attracted great interest. We aimed to apply carbon nanohorns (CNHs) as DDS in the development of new treatments for bone diseases. We evaluated the in vitro and in vivo cellular responses of CNHs in bone-related cells compared with carbon blacks (CBs), which are similar in particle size but differ in surface and structural morphologies. Although in vitro experiments revealed that both CNHs and CBs were incorporated into the lysosomes of RAW264-induced osteoclast-like cells (OCs) and MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells (OBs), no severe cytotoxicity was observed. CNHs reduced the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity and expression of the differentiation marker genes in OCs at noncytotoxic concentrations, whereas the alkaline phosphatase activity and differentiation of OBs increased. Under calcification of OBs, CNHs increased the number of calcified nodules and were intra- and extracellularly incorporated into calcified vesicles to form crystal nuclei. The in vivo experiments showed significant promotion of bone regeneration in the CNH group alone, with localized CNHs being found in the bone matrix and lacunae. The suppression of OCs and promotion of OBs suggested that CNHs may be effective against bone diseases and could be applied as DDS.
