Recent developments in green synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanocomposites: relevance to biomedical and environmental applications

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is a ceramic biomaterial admired with an excellent preference in the biomedical fields as it possesses unique properties and their similarity in the chemical compositions with human bones. Thus, the preparation of HAP using a wide variety of methods under diverse reaction conditions has gained significant interest in recent times. In this context, research shifted toward designing the preparation methods using the green synthesis routes, which avoids the use of toxic chemicals and explores the moderate operating conditions. These nanocomposites constituted by HAP nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized via green methods have remarkable biocompatibility, antimicrobial nature, wound healing, and osteointegration properties as well as environmental applications. Thus, the peculiar combination of HAP, nanotechnology, and green synthesis is an exciting field that has unwrapped new avenues for research in the problems related to in-vivo therapies. In this focused review article, the preparation of HAPs and HAPs-based composites using diversified green sources are discussed under different reaction conditions. The specific insights into the formation mechanisms followed by the relevant application of HAPs-based materials in biomedical and medical domains are presented. Finally, the key issues and development perspectives of HAP-based materials for different applications are also emphasized.

Keywords

• Hydroxyapatite
• green synthesis
• biocompatibility
• biomedical
• bone regeneration