Real-time and accurate estimation of surgical hemoglobin loss using deep learning-based medical sponges image analysis

Abstract

Abstract Real-time and accurate estimation of surgical hemoglobin (Hb) loss is essential for fluid resuscitation management and evaluation of surgical techniques. In this study, we aimed to explore a novel surgical Hb loss estimation method using deep learning-based medical sponges image analysis. Whole blood samples of pre-measured Hb concentration were collected, and normal saline was added to simulate varying levels of Hb concentration. These blood samples were distributed across blank medical sponges to generate blood-soaked sponges. Eight hundred fifty-one blood-soaked sponges representing a wide range of blood dilutions were randomly divided 7:3 into a training group (n = 595) and a testing group (n = 256). A deep learning model based on the YOLOv5 network was used as the target region extraction and detection, and the three models (Feature extraction technology, ResNet-50, and SE-ResNet50) were trained to predict surgical Hb loss. Mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), coefficient (R 2) value, and the Bland–Altman analysis were calculated to evaluate the predictive performance in the testing group. The deep learning model based on SE-ResNet50 could predict surgical Hb loss with the best performance (R 2 = 0.99, MAE = 11.09 mg, MAPE = 8.6%) compared with other predictive models, and Bland–Altman analysis also showed a bias of 1.343 mg with narrow limits of agreement (− 29.81 to 32.5 mg) between predictive and actual Hb loss. The interactive interface was also designed to display the real-time prediction of surgical Hb loss more intuitively. Thus, it is feasible for real-time estimation of surgical Hb loss using deep learning-based medical sponges image analysis, which was helpful for clinical decisions and technical evaluation.