Imaging of COVID-19-associated rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis: imaging analysis of 120 patients

Abstract

Abstract Background With the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19, there has been a rapid upsurge in cases of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM). It is an opportunistic fungal infection associated with high morbidity and mortality. Rapid and appropriate application of clinical and radiological methods is crucial for early diagnosis, to limit the associated morbidity and improve post-treatment outcomes. In our study, we analyzed imaging features, common sites, and the extent of infection in patients suffering from ROCM. Results The majority of the patients were either diabetics or developed uncontrolled blood glucose levels during COVID-19 infection. 79.17% of patients had a history of treatment with steroid therapy. Headache and facial pain were the most common clinical features seen in 76.67% and 60% of patients, respectively. Maxillary and ethmoid sinuses were commonly involved. The most common extra-sinus site of involvement was periantral fat and orbit, seen in 91 (75.83%) and 84 (70%) patients, respectively. Bone erosion or marrow edema was seen in 72 (60%) patients. Intracranial extension in the form of meningitis, cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis/thrombosis, and brain abscess were seen in 20%, 10%, and 3.3% of patients, respectively. MRI-based staging showed that 24.7% of patients had stage I, 5.83% had stage II, 50% had stage III, and 20% had stage IV disease. Conclusion The spread of COVID-19-associated rhinomucormycosis to extra-sinus sites is common, which can be detected adequately on MRI. The radiological signs of invasion and devitalization of tissues are crucial for the early diagnosis of ROCM.

Keywords

• Mucormycosis
• Magnetic resonance imaging
• COVID-19
• Invasive fungal sinusitis