The Usefulness of Fluorescein Angiography and Alternative Tests for Assessment of Fundus Hemorrhage

Abstract

Fundus hemorrhage refers to abnormalities in the retinal tissue and blood vessels. Therefore, when a hemorrhagic change in the fundus occurs, the ophthalmologist orders various ophthalmic tests to evaluate the degree of hemorrhage and determine the progress of the lesion before, during, and after treatment to accordingly establish a treatment plan. Currently, the most useful and universal fundus examination includes optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundus photography (FP), and fluorescein angiography (FAG). Existing fluorescein angiography test methods for establishing a treatment plan for severe fundus bleeding have limitations. The authors propose that peripheral pupil and the 5-quadrant method should be performed using ultra-wide-angle fluorescence fundus angiography (UWFFA). Using this method, it is possible to quickly determine the area to be described, avoid the radius of bleeding as much as possible, and provide the ophthalmologist with a range of damaged tissue and abnormal blood vessels. Nevertheless, there are cases in which ophthalmologists judge that fundus bleeding is so severe that ultra-wide-angle fluorescence fundus angiography is meaningless. In such cases, ophthalmic ultrasound and electroretinogram may be used in that order as alternative methods of examination. Therefore, some clinical situations require the use of ophthalmic ultrasound and electroretinogram and should be performed accurately.

Keywords

• electroretinography
• fluorescein angiography
• ophthalmic ultrasonography
• optical coherence tomography
• ultra-wide-field fluorescein angiography