Updated Canadian Expert Consensus on Assessing Risk of Disease Progression and Pharmacological Management of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to update the previously published consensus recommendations from March 2017 discussing the optimal management of adult patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). This document focuses on recent developments in genetic testing, renal imaging, assessment of risk regarding disease progression, and pharmacological treatment options for ADPKD. Sources of information: Published literature was searched in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar to identify the latest evidence related to the treatment and management of ADPKD. Methods: All pertinent articles were reviewed by the authors to determine if a new recommendation was required, or if the previous recommendation needed updating. The consensus recommendations were developed by the authors based on discussion and review of the evidence. Key findings: The genetics of ADPKD are becoming more complex with the identification of new and rarer genetic variants such as GANAB . Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) continue to be the main imaging modalities used to evaluate ADPKD. Total kidney volume (TKV) continues to be the most validated and most used measure to assess disease progression. Since the publication of the previous consensus recommendations, the use of the Mayo Clinic Classification for prognostication purposes has been validated in patients with class 1 ADPKD. Recent evidence supports the benefits of a low-osmolar diet and dietary sodium restriction in patients with ADPKD. Evidence from the Replicating Evidence of Preserved Renal Function: an Investigation of Tolvaptan Safety and Efficacy in ADPKD (REPRISE) trial supports the use of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) receptor antagonism in patients with ADPKD 18 to 55 years of age with eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate) of 25 to 65 mL/min/1.73 m 2 or 56 to 65 years of age with eGFR of 25 to 44 mL/min/1.73 m 2 with historical evidence of a decline in eGFR >2.0 mL/min/1.73 m 2 /year. Limitations: Available literature was limited to English language publications and to publications indexed in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. Implications: Advances in the assessment of the risk of disease progression include the validation of the Mayo Clinic Classification for patients with class 1 ADPKD. Advances in the pharmacological management of ADPKD include the expansion of the use of ADH receptor antagonism in patients 18 to 55 years of age with eGFR of 25 to 65 mL/min/1.73 m 2 or 56 to 65 years of age with eGFR of 25 to 44 mL/min/1.73 m 2 with historical evidence of a decline in eGFR >2.0 mL/min/1.73 m 2 /year, as per the results of the REPRISE study.