3D quantitative coronary angiography based vessel FFR: clinical evidence and future perspectives

Abstract

Endorsed by the current clinical practice guidelines, the indication to perform percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of intermediate coronary stenosis should be guided by either fractional flow reserve (FFR) or instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR) if evidence of ischemia is lacking.1 Despite these clear recommendations, the uptake of physiology in clinical practice remains low supporting the development of new non-invasive tools that no longer mandate the need for dedicated coronary guidewires or microcatheters along with the need to administer hyperemic agents in case of FFR.1 Advances in computational power and three-dimensional quantitative coronary angiography has facilitated the development of angiography-based-FFR indices, thus allowing easy, online physiological lesion assessments. Besides anatomical and angiographic exclusion criteria like severe tortuosity, aorto-ostial lesions or overlapping vessels, pivotal studies demonstrated that with angiography-based-FFR indices the need for invasive coronary artery instrumentation and hyperemic agents can, in most cases, be avoided.2 Currently, 4 angiography-based-FFR indices have emerged and are currently commercially available.1 Despite workflow differences and embedded simplified computational fluid dynamics models, these indices demonstrated to have a good diagnostic performance with pressure guidewire based FFR as a reference.1 Among these, vessel fractional flow reserve (vFFR, CAAS Workstation 8.5 Pie Medical Imaging, Netherlands) uses a computational fluid dynamic approach based on...