Zero modes activation to reconcile floppiness, rigidity, and multistability into an all-in-one class of reprogrammable metamaterials

Abstract

Abstract Existing mechanical metamaterials are typically designed to either withstand loads as a stiff structure, shape morph as a floppy mechanism, or trap energy as a multistable matter, distinct behaviours that correspond to three primary classes of macroscopic solids. Their stiffness and stability are sealed permanently into their architecture, mostly remaining immutable post-fabrication due to the invariance of zero modes. Here, we introduce an all-in-one reprogrammable class of Kagome metamaterials that enable the in-situ reprogramming of zero modes to access the apparently conflicting properties of all classes. Through the selective activation of metahinges via self-contact, their architecture can be switched to acquire on-demand rigidity, floppiness, or global multistability, bridging the seemingly uncrossable gap between structures, mechanisms, and multistable matters. We showcase the versatile generalizations of the metahinge and remarkable reprogrammability of zero modes for a range of properties including stiffness, mechanical signal guiding, buckling modes, phonon spectra, and auxeticity, opening a plethora of opportunities for all-in-one materials and devices.