Time Trends of Acrylamide Exposure in Europe: Combined Analysis of Published Reports and Current HBM4EU Studies
Michael Poteser,
Federica Laguzzi,
Thomas Schettgen,
Nina Vogel,
Till Weber,
Philipp Zimmermann,
Domenica Hahn,
Marike Kolossa-Gehring,
Sónia Namorado,
An Van Nieuwenhuyse,
Brice Appenzeller,
Thórhallur I. Halldórsson,
Ása Eiríksdóttir,
Line Småstuen Haug,
Cathrine Thomsen,
Fabio Barbone,
Valentina Rosolen,
Loïc Rambaud,
Margaux Riou,
Thomas Göen,
Stefanie Nübler,
Moritz Schäfer,
Karin Haji Abbas Zarrabi,
Liese Gilles,
Laura Rodriguez Martin,
Greet Schoeters,
Ovnair Sepai,
Eva Govarts,
Hanns Moshammer
Affiliations
Michael Poteser
Department of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
Federica Laguzzi
Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Nobels väg 13, Box 210, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
Thomas Schettgen
Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
Nina Vogel
German Environment Agency (UBA), D-14195 Berlin, Germany
Till Weber
German Environment Agency (UBA), D-14195 Berlin, Germany
Philipp Zimmermann
German Environment Agency (UBA), D-14195 Berlin, Germany
Domenica Hahn
German Environment Agency (UBA), D-14195 Berlin, Germany
Marike Kolossa-Gehring
German Environment Agency (UBA), D-14195 Berlin, Germany
Sónia Namorado
Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
An Van Nieuwenhuyse
Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), L-3555 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
Brice Appenzeller
Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-4354 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
Thórhallur I. Halldórsson
Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland
Ása Eiríksdóttir
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Iceland, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
Line Småstuen Haug
Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 8, 0456 Oslo, Norway
Cathrine Thomsen
Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 8, 0456 Oslo, Norway
Fabio Barbone
Department of Medical Area, DAME, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
Valentina Rosolen
Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy
Loïc Rambaud
Santé Publique France, French Public Health Agency (ANSP), 94415 Saint-Maurice, France
Margaux Riou
Santé Publique France, French Public Health Agency (ANSP), 94415 Saint-Maurice, France
Thomas Göen
Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9-11, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
Stefanie Nübler
Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9-11, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
Moritz Schäfer
Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9-11, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
Karin Haji Abbas Zarrabi
Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9-11, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
Liese Gilles
VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
Laura Rodriguez Martin
VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
Greet Schoeters
VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
Ovnair Sepai
UK Health Security Agency, London SE1 8UG, UK
Eva Govarts
VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
Hanns Moshammer
Department of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
More than 20 years ago, acrylamide was added to the list of potential carcinogens found in many common dietary products and tobacco smoke. Consequently, human biomonitoring studies investigating exposure to acrylamide in the form of adducts in blood and metabolites in urine have been performed to obtain data on the actual burden in different populations of the world and in Europe. Recognizing the related health risk, the European Commission responded with measures to curb the acrylamide content in food products. In 2017, a trans-European human biomonitoring project (HBM4EU) was started with the aim to investigate exposure to several chemicals, including acrylamide. Here we set out to provide a combined analysis of previous and current European acrylamide biomonitoring study results by harmonizing and integrating different data sources, including HBM4EU aligned studies, with the aim to resolve overall and current time trends of acrylamide exposure in Europe. Data from 10 European countries were included in the analysis, comprising more than 5500 individual samples (3214 children and teenagers, 2293 adults). We utilized linear models as well as a non-linear fit and breakpoint analysis to investigate trends in temporal acrylamide exposure as well as descriptive statistics and statistical tests to validate findings. Our results indicate an overall increase in acrylamide exposure between the years 2001 and 2017. Studies with samples collected after 2018 focusing on adults do not indicate increasing exposure but show declining values. Regional differences appear to affect absolute values, but not the overall time-trend of exposure. As benchmark levels for acrylamide content in food have been adopted in Europe in 2018, our results may imply the effects of these measures, but only indicated for adults, as corresponding data are still missing for children.
