Gold Nanoparticles: Multifaceted Roles in the Management of Autoimmune Disorders
Khadijeh Koushki,
Sanaz Keshavarz Shahbaz,
Mohsen Keshavarz,
Evgeny E. Bezsonov,
Thozhukat Sathyapalan,
Amirhossein Sahebkar
Affiliations
Khadijeh Koushki
Hepatitis Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad 6813833946, Iran
Sanaz Keshavarz Shahbaz
Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin 3419759811, Iran
Mohsen Keshavarz
Department of Medical Virology, The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 7514763448, Iran
Evgeny E. Bezsonov
Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia
Thozhukat Sathyapalan
Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU32RW, UK
Amirhossein Sahebkar
Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have been recently applied for various diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. The unique properties of these nanoparticles (NPs), such as relative ease of synthesis in various sizes, shapes and charges, stability, high drug-loading capacity and relative availability for modification accompanied by non-cytotoxicity and biocompatibility, make them an ideal field of research in bio-nanotechnology. Moreover, their potential to alleviate various inflammatory factors, nitrite species, and reactive oxygen production and the capacity to deliver therapeutic agents has attracted attention for further studies in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Furthermore, the characteristics of GNPs and surface modification can modulate their toxicity, biodistribution, biocompatibility, and effects. This review discusses in vitro and in vivo effects of GNPs and their functionalized forms in managing various autoimmune disorders (Ads) such as rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis.
