Apoptotic Mechanisms of Quercetin in Liver Cancer: Recent Trends and Advancements
Gautam Sethi,
Prangya Rath,
Abhishek Chauhan,
Anuj Ranjan,
Renuka Choudhary,
Seema Ramniwas,
Katrin Sak,
Diwakar Aggarwal,
Isha Rani,
Hardeep Singh Tuli
Affiliations
Gautam Sethi
Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
Prangya Rath
Amity Institute of Environmental Sciences, Amity University, Noida 201303, India
Abhishek Chauhan
Amity Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Safety and Management, Amity University, Noida 201303, India
Anuj Ranjan
Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
Renuka Choudhary
Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala 133207, India
Seema Ramniwas
University Centre for Research and Development, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, India
Katrin Sak
NGO Praeventio, 50407 Tartu, Estonia
Diwakar Aggarwal
Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala 133207, India
Isha Rani
Department of Biochemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Medical Sciences and Research (MMCMSR), Sadopur, Ambala 134007, India
Hardeep Singh Tuli
Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala 133207, India
Due to rising incidence rates of liver cancer and worries about the toxicity of current chemotherapeutic medicines, the hunt for further alternative methods to treat this malignancy has escalated. Compared to chemotherapy, quercetin, a flavonoid, is relatively less harmful to normal cells and is regarded as an excellent free-radical scavenger. Apoptotic cell death of cancer cells caused by quercetin has been demonstrated by many prior studies. It is present in many fruits, vegetables, and herbs. Quercetin targets apoptosis, by upregulating Bax, caspase-3, and p21 while downregulating Akt, PLK-1, cyclin-B1, cyclin-A, CDC-2, CDK-2, and Bcl-2. Additionally, it has been reported to increase STAT3 protein degradation in liver cancer cells while decreasing STAT3 activation. Quercetin has a potential future in chemoprevention, based on substantial research on its anticancer effects. The current review discusses quercetin’s mechanisms of action, nanodelivery strategies, and other potential cellular effects in liver cancer.
