Factors associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms among Jamaican women during the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract

Objectives: The study sought to examine the risk and protective factors associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms among women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A cross sectional, population-based online survey was utilised. Jamaican women, 18 years and older, were recruited via the Facebook social media platform and routed to a separate survey platform. Data related to socio-demographics, effects of COVID-19, coping strategies and well-being was captured. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-2) Questionnaire. Results: There were 432 female respondents aged 18 to 83 years. The mean age was 41.5 years (±13.1, SD). About 98.4% believed that COVID-19 had affected their lives and 87.6% were worried or fearful of COVID-19. About 50% reported significant depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms. Pearson’s correlation revealed significant negative associations between effects of COVID-19 on employment, finances, and family and significant depressive and anxiety symptoms (p<0.05). Regression analyses revealed that those who were worried about providing for their families, experiencing relationship problems, and feeling lonely had a greater risk for significant anxiety and depressive symptoms. Those who were hopeful about the future, found a new hobby and meditated/practiced mindfulness were less likely to have depressive and anxiety symptoms. Conclusion: This study indicates that having good coping skills, increased social support and less interpersonal conflict helped to moderate the levels of psychological distress during the pandemic. Further, proactive adaptive methods of coping enhance the wellbeing and mental health of women.