Optimization of innovative optical sensor for zirconium determination and capturing from environmental samples

Abstract

A highly sensitive bulk optode membrane, specifically engineered for the identification of zirconyl (ZrO2+) ions, has been successfully created. The membrane is composed of plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC), dibenzodylmethane (DBM) acting as the chromoionophore, 2-amino-4-(3-chlorophenylazo)pyridine-3-ol (ACPAP) serving as the ionophore, and sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB) included as an ionic additive. The sensing membrane undergoes a color change from orange to blue when exposed to ZrO2+ ions at pH 6.5. The preparation parameters of the sensor and the determination of ZrO2+ ions were meticulously optimized. In addition to showcasing reproducibility, extended stability, and a comparatively long lifespan, the suggested sensor membrane displays remarkable selectivity for ZrO2+ ions, effectively discerning them from a spectrum of alkaline earth, heavy and transition metal ions, and actinides. The sensor delivers a calibration response tailored for ZrO2+ ions across a concentration spectrum spanning 7.5–185 ng mL−1, establishing limits of quantification and detection at 7.3 and 2.2 ng mL−1, respectively. Demonstrating a rapid response within a timeframe of under 5.0 min. The sensor consistently delivered highly reproducible results, as evidenced by relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.67 % and 1.55 % for Zr4+ concentrations at 100 and 150 ng mL−1.This underscores the precision and reliability of the sensor. Regeneration of the optode can be easily accomplished by employing 0.05 M HCl. Effectively employed across a spectrum of samples, including water, soil, plant materials, and ore solutions, the proposed optical sensor proves to be a valuable instrument for determining ZrO2+ ions in diverse environmental and analytical scenarios.

Keywords

• Zirconium determination
• Optical sensor
• Polyvinyl chloride membrane
• Azo dyes
• Environmental analysis