Description of Phenological Events of Persian Walnut (<i>Juglans regia</i> L.) according to the Extended BBCH Scale and Historical Scales
Julie Robin,
Anthony Bernard,
Lisa Albouy,
Sibylle Papillon,
Eloise Tranchand,
Marie-Neige Hebrard,
Jean-Baptiste Philibert,
Marine Barbedette,
Sadia Schafleitner,
Bénédicte Wenden,
Teresa Barreneche,
Marine Delmas,
Fabrice Lheureux,
Julien Toillon
Affiliations
Julie Robin
Association Nationale des Producteurs de Noisettes (ANPN), 1500 Route de Monbahus, F-47290 Cancon, France
Anthony Bernard
Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement (INRAE), Université de Bordeaux, UMR BFP, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
Lisa Albouy
SCA Unicoque, Noisettes et Noix de France, 1500 Route de Monbahus, F-47290 Cancon, France
Sibylle Papillon
SCA Unicoque, Noisettes et Noix de France, 1500 Route de Monbahus, F-47290 Cancon, France
Eloise Tranchand
Station Expérimentale de Creysse, Perrical, F-46600 Creysse, France
Marie-Neige Hebrard
Station Expérimentale de Creysse, Perrical, F-46600 Creysse, France
Jean-Baptiste Philibert
Station Expérimentale Nucicole Rhône-Alpes (SENuRA), 385A Route de Saint Marcelin, F-38160 Chatte, France
Marine Barbedette
Station Expérimentale Nucicole Rhône-Alpes (SENuRA), 385A Route de Saint Marcelin, F-38160 Chatte, France
Sadia Schafleitner
Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement (INRAE), Unité Expérimentale Arboricole, Domaine de la Tour de Rance, F-47320 Bourran, France
Bénédicte Wenden
Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement (INRAE), Université de Bordeaux, UMR BFP, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
Teresa Barreneche
Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement (INRAE), Université de Bordeaux, UMR BFP, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
Marine Delmas
Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement (INRAE), Unité Expérimentale Arboricole, Domaine de la Tour de Rance, F-47320 Bourran, France
Fabrice Lheureux
Centre Technique Interprofessionnel des Fruits et Légumes (CTIFL), Centre Opérationnel de Lanxade, 28 Route des Nébouts, F-24130 Prigonrieux, France
Julien Toillon
Association Nationale des Producteurs de Noisettes (ANPN), 1500 Route de Monbahus, F-47290 Cancon, France
Walnut trees are grown worldwide for their edible fruits, which have high nutritional value. To address climate change, researchers have studied walnut phenology to create cultivars adapted to warmer climates. The objective of this study is to propose a scale for phenological Persian walnut observations using the Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt, und CHemische Industrie (BBCH) codification and alignment with historical alphameric scales. Here, the principal growth stages (PGSs) of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) are described using stages from a previously available alphanumeric scale. This standardised phenological scale describes Persian walnut growth from the dormant vegetative state through reproductive budding and senescence. This phenological scale is expected to increase the efficiency of walnut phenological monitoring. Fifty-seven stages are used to describe the life cycle of Persian walnut in this BBCH scale. Of these 57 stages, 3 stages are dedicated to seed germination (PGS-0), 4 stages are dedicated to bud development (PGS-0), 7 stages are dedicated to leaf development (PGS-1), 4 stages are dedicated to stem elongation (PGS-3), 8 stages are dedicated to inflorescence emergence (PGS-5), 5 stages are dedicated to male flowering (PGS-6), 5 stages are dedicated to female flowering (PGS-6), 5 stages are dedicated to fruit development (PGS-7), 12 stages are dedicated to fruit ripening (PGS-8), and 4 stages are dedicated to leaf senescence (PGS-9).
