AGU Advances (Jun 2025)
Earth's Energy Imbalance More Than Doubled in Recent Decades
- Thorsten Mauritsen,
- Yoko Tsushima,
- Benoit Meyssignac,
- Norman G. Loeb,
- Maria Hakuba,
- Peter Pilewskie,
- Jason Cole,
- Kentaroh Suzuki,
- Thomas P. Ackerman,
- Richard P. Allan,
- Timothy Andrews,
- Frida A.‐M. Bender,
- Jonah Bloch‐Johnson,
- Alejandro Bodas‐Salcedo,
- Anca Brookshaw,
- Paulo Ceppi,
- Nicolas Clerbaux,
- Andrew E. Dessler,
- Aaron Donohoe,
- Jean‐Louis Dufresne,
- Veronika Eyring,
- Kirsten L. Findell,
- Andrew Gettelman,
- Jake J. Gristey,
- Ed Hawkins,
- Patrick Heimbach,
- Helene T. Hewitt,
- Nadir Jeevanjee,
- Colin Jones,
- Sarah M. Kang,
- Seiji Kato,
- Jennifer E. Kay,
- Stephen A. Klein,
- Reto Knutti,
- Ryan Kramer,
- June‐Yi Lee,
- Daniel T. McCoy,
- Brian Medeiros,
- Linda Megner,
- Angshuman Modak,
- Tomoo Ogura,
- Matthew D. Palmer,
- David Paynter,
- Johannes Quaas,
- Veerabhadran Ramanathan,
- Mark Ringer,
- Karina vonSchuckmann,
- Steven Sherwood,
- Bjorn Stevens,
- Ivy Tan,
- George Tselioudis,
- Rowan Sutton,
- Aiko Voigt,
- Masahiro Watanabe,
- Mark J. Webb,
- Martin Wild,
- Mark D. Zelinka
Affiliations
- Thorsten Mauritsen
- Department of Meteorology and Bolin Centre for Climate Research Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Yoko Tsushima
- Met Office Hadley Centre Exeter UK
- Benoit Meyssignac
- Université de Toulouse LEGOS (CNES/CNRS/IRD/UPS) Toulouse France
- Norman G. Loeb
- NASA Langley Research Center Hampton VA USA
- Maria Hakuba
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA
- Peter Pilewskie
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics University of Colorado Boulder CO USA
- Jason Cole
- Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Climate Research Division Environment and Climate Change Canada Victoria BC Canada
- Kentaroh Suzuki
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
- Thomas P. Ackerman
- Department of Atmosphere and Climate Science University of Washington Seattle WA USA
- Richard P. Allan
- Department of Meteorology and National Centre for Earth Observation University of Reading Reading UK
- Timothy Andrews
- Met Office Hadley Centre Exeter UK
- Frida A.‐M. Bender
- Department of Meteorology and Bolin Centre for Climate Research Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Jonah Bloch‐Johnson
- Tufts University Medford MA USA
- Alejandro Bodas‐Salcedo
- Met Office Hadley Centre Exeter UK
- Anca Brookshaw
- European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reading UK
- Paulo Ceppi
- Department of Physics Imperial College London London UK
- Nicolas Clerbaux
- Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium Brussels Belgium
- Andrew E. Dessler
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
- Aaron Donohoe
- Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory and Department of Atmospheric and Climate Science University of Washington Seattle WA USA
- Jean‐Louis Dufresne
- LMD/IPSL Sorbonne Université Université PSL Institut Polytechnique de Paris CNRS Paris France
- Veronika Eyring
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft‐ und Raumfahrt (DLR) Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Oberpfaffenhofen, and University of Bremen Institute of Environmental Physics (IUP) Bremen Germany
- Kirsten L. Findell
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Princeton NJ USA
- Andrew Gettelman
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA USA
- Jake J. Gristey
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory; Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics University of Colorado Boulder CO USA
- Ed Hawkins
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science University of Reading Reading UK
- Patrick Heimbach
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
- Helene T. Hewitt
- Met Office Exeter UK
- Nadir Jeevanjee
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Princeton NJ USA
- Colin Jones
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science University of Leeds Leeds UK
- Sarah M. Kang
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Hamburg Germany
- Seiji Kato
- NASA Langley Research Center Hampton VA USA
- Jennifer E. Kay
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences (ATOC) Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) University of Colorado Boulder CO USA
- Stephen A. Klein
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore CA USA
- Reto Knutti
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Ryan Kramer
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Princeton NJ USA
- June‐Yi Lee
- Research Center for Climate Sciences Pusan National University and Center for Climate Physics Institute for Basic Science Busan South Korea
- Daniel T. McCoy
- Department of Atmospheric Science University of Wyoming Laramie WY USA
- Brian Medeiros
- National Science Foundation, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory Boulder CO USA
- Linda Megner
- Department of Meteorology at Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Angshuman Modak
- Centre for Climate Studies Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Mumbai India
- Tomoo Ogura
- National Institute for Environmental Studies Tsukuba Japan
- Matthew D. Palmer
- Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, and School of Earth Sciences University of Bristol Bristol UK
- David Paynter
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Princeton NJ USA
- Johannes Quaas
- Leipzig Institute for Meteorology Leipzig University Leipzig Germany
- Veerabhadran Ramanathan
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego CA USA
- Mark Ringer
- Met Office Hadley Centre Exeter UK
- Karina vonSchuckmann
- Mercator Ocean international Toulouse France
- Steven Sherwood
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes UNSW Climate Change Research Centre University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
- Bjorn Stevens
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Hamburg Germany
- Ivy Tan
- McGill University Montreal QC Canada
- George Tselioudis
- NASA/GISS New York NY USA
- Rowan Sutton
- Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, National Centre for Atmospheric Science, Leeds, and University of Reading Reading UK
- Aiko Voigt
- Department of Meteorology and Geophysics University of Vienna Vienna Austria
- Masahiro Watanabe
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (AORI), UTokyo Center for Climate Solutions (UTCCS), University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
- Mark J. Webb
- Met Office Hadley Centre Exeter UK
- Martin Wild
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Mark D. Zelinka
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore CA USA
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1029/2024av001636
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 6,
no. 3
pp. n/a – n/a
Abstract
Abstract Global warming results from anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions which upset the delicate balance between the incoming sunlight, and the reflected and emitted radiation from Earth. The imbalance leads to energy accumulation in the atmosphere, oceans and land, and melting of the cryosphere, resulting in increasing temperatures, rising sea levels, and more extreme weather around the globe. Despite the fundamental role of the energy imbalance in regulating the climate system, as known to humanity for more than two centuries, our capacity to observe it is rapidly deteriorating as satellites are being decommissioned.
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