Tuberculosis, social determinants and co-morbidities (including HIV)
R. Duarte,
K. Lönnroth,
C. Carvalho,
F. Lima,
A.C.C. Carvalho,
M. Muñoz-Torrico,
R. Centis
Affiliations
R. Duarte
Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho EPE, Departamento de Pneumologia, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal; ISPUP-EPIUnit, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Corresponding author.
K. Lönnroth
Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County, Sweden
C. Carvalho
Serviço de Doenças Infecciosas, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
F. Lima
Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho EPE, Departamento de Pneumologia, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
A.C.C. Carvalho
Laboratory of Innovations in Therapies, Education and Bioproducts (LITEB), Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), FioCruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
M. Muñoz-Torrico
Clínica de Tuberculosis, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico
R. Centis
WHO Collaborating Centre for TB and Lung Diseases, Maugeri Institute, IRCCS Tradate, Italy
The risk of exposure, progression to active tuberculosis (TB) and then to cure is a process affected by several risk factors. Along with well known risk factors such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), use of immunosuppressive drugs and being of young age, emerging risk factors such socio-economic and behavioral aspects play a significant role in increasing the susceptibility to infection, and unsuccessful treatment outcomes. This paper summarizes the effects of these socio-economic determinants and co-morbidities (including HIV) on TB infection and disease. Keywords: Tuberculosis, Socio-economic determinants, HIV, Poverty, Alcohol, Tobacco, Homeless, Malnutrition, Undernutrition, Overcrowding
