Metabolomics and Inflammatory Mediator Profiling for the Differentiation of Life-Threatening and Non-Severe Appendicitis in the Pediatric Population

Abstract

While children with appendicitis often have excellent clinical outcomes, some develop life-threatening complications including sepsis and organ dysfunction requiring pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) support. Our study applied a metabolomics and inflammatory protein mediator (IPM) profiling approach to determine the bio-profiles of children who developed severe appendicitis compared with those that did not. We performed a prospective case-control study of children aged 0–17 years with a diagnosis of appendicitis. Cases had severe disease resulting in PICU admission. Primary controls had moderate appendicitis (perforation without PICU); secondary controls had mild appendicitis (non-perforated). Serum samples were analyzed using Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) Spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS); IPM analysis was performed using plasma bead-based multiplex profiling. Comparisons were made using multivariate data statistical analysis. Fifty-three children were included (15 severe, 38 non-severe). Separation between severe and moderate appendicitis demonstrated excellent sensitivity and specificity (100%, 88%; 14 compounds), separation between severe and mild appendicitis also showed excellent sensitivity and specificity (91%, 90%; 16 compounds). Biomarker patterns derived from metabolomics and IPM profiling are capable of distinguishing children with severe appendicitis from those with less severe disease. These findings provide an important first step towards developing non-invasive diagnostic tools for clinicians in early identification of children who are at a high risk of developing severe appendicitis.

Keywords

• appendicitis
• child
• bio-profiling
• metabolomics
• inflammatory protein mediators