The Development and Validation of a Scale to Assess Perception of Physical Education Among University Students in China

Abstract

This study aimed to develop and test a University Students’ Perceptions of Physical Education (PE) Scale. The study was conducted in three phases in a southwestern city in China from December 2021 to October 2022. In Phase 1, an item pool was constructed based on a literature review and semi-structured interviews. In Phase 2, expert evaluations and university student interviews were conducted to evaluate the content validity of the questionnaire. In Phase 3, a cross-sectional study was administered to university students. Composite reliability (CR) and average variance extracted (AVE) for internal consistency and test-retest reliability analyses were calculated for the stability reliability analysis. The validity evaluations included content, construct, and discriminant validity and an invariance test. The developed scale comprises 20 items covering six domains: habituated behavior in physical activity, self-efficacy in PE, attitude and experience in PE, skills and knowledge, classroom climate, and facilities, equipment and norms. Each domain’s CR and AVE values exceeded 0.7 and 0.5, respectively. The statistical indices of the final model were chi-square (χ2) = 458.227, degrees of freedom ( df ) = 155, Comparative Fit Index = 0.957, Tucker–Lewis Index = 0.947, standardized root mean square residual = 0.061, and root mean square error of approximation = 0.066, supporting the reliability and viability of the scale. A scientific process was adopted in constructing the University Students’ Perceptions of PE Scale. High validity and reliability scores indicate the suitability of using this scale for further research.