Physicochemical Characterization and Origin of Aeolian Sand Dunes in Southeastern Qatar: A Comparative Study with Mediterranean Sand Dunes

Abstract

A significant geographical feature in Qatar is represented by aeolian sand dunes, which cover approximately 12 % of the country's total surface area and are well-developed in the southern region. This study aims to enhance our understanding of Qatari sand dunes by investigating their textural parameters, chemical composition, mineralogy, potential sources of sediment, and transportation mechanisms. To assess the physical and chemical characteristics of the sand dunes being examined, various experimental techniques were employed, including grain size analyses, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectrometry. The analysis of the studied sand dunes indicates a combination of calcareous and siliceous materials. These dunes predominantly consist of quartz, protoenststite, calcite, and feldspar minerals, with clay minerals being relatively scarce. The chemical composition of the sand samples shows high levels of silicon oxide, significant concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and aluminum oxides, along with smaller amounts of iron, chlorine, potassium, and sulfur oxides. Furthermore, trace elements such as titanium, strontium, chromium, and scandium oxides were found in negligible quantities. Based on the physical and chemical properties observed in the studied sand dunes, it can be inferred that they originate from the Mesopotamian plain, Zagros Mountains, and the calcareous coast of the Arabian Gulf are likely of aeolian origin. The findings derived from our examination of Qatari sand dunes have been compared with published data from the Arabian deserts situated along the Mediterranean Sea. The primary objective of this comparative analysis is to highlight both the common features and distinctive variations in their composition and origins. This comparative assessment suggests that Qatari sand dunes exhibit lower maturity levels in terms of silicon content and may have an origin distinct from those in the Mediterranean region.