Pathogenesis and treatment progress of idiopathic macular hole

Abstract

Idiopathic macular hole(IMH)refers to a full-thickness tissue defect of the retinal neuroepithelial layer in the macular region without obvious etiology. At present, with the gradual deepening of the understanding of IMH and the continuous innovation and improvement of its treatment methods, its treatment technology has also matured and diversified. Studies have shown that early IMH with small diameter can be observed and followed up. The Ocriplasmin has been approved for use in patients with small to medium sized macular holes and vitreomacular adhesion(VMA); internal limiting membrane(ILM)removal can improve anatomical closure rate. However, for IMH with a diameter of less than 250μm, it is uncertain whether ILM removal is always required. This paper discusses the pathogenesis, stages, classification and current treatment of IMH. Based on the characteristics of IMH and patient differences, an evidence-based medicine method is proposed to select the best and most practical treatment plan for individual patients.

Keywords

• idiopathic macular hole
• ocriplasmin
• internal limiting membrane peeling
• inverted internal limiting membrane flap technique
• autologous transplantation of the internal limiting membrane