Choline Chloride–Lactic Acid-Based NADES As an Extraction Medium in a Response Surface Methodology-Optimized Method for the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Hazelnut Skin

Chiara Fanali; Valeria Gallo; Susanna Della Posta; Laura Dugo; Leone Mazzeo; Marco Cocchi; Vincenzo Piemonte; Laura De Gara

doi:10.3390/molecules26092652

Molecules (May 2021)

Choline Chloride–Lactic Acid-Based NADES As an Extraction Medium in a Response Surface Methodology-Optimized Method for the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Hazelnut Skin

Chiara Fanali,
Valeria Gallo,
Susanna Della Posta,
Laura Dugo,
Leone Mazzeo,
Marco Cocchi,
Vincenzo Piemonte,
Laura De Gara

Affiliations

Chiara Fanali: Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
Valeria Gallo: Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
Susanna Della Posta: Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
Laura Dugo: Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
Leone Mazzeo: Department of Engineering, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
Marco Cocchi: Department of Engineering, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
Vincenzo Piemonte: Department of Engineering, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
Laura De Gara: Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092652
Journal volume & issue: Vol. 26, no. 9
p. 2652

Abstract

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Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are promising green solvents for the extraction of compounds from food byproducts. Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is one of the most commonly cultivated tree nuts worldwide. The skin represents one of the major byproducts of the hazelnut industry and accounts for 2.5% of the total hazelnut kernel weight. It is a rich source of phenolic compounds like flavan-3-ols, flavonols, dihydrochalcones, and phenolic acids. In this work, fifteen DESs based on choline chloride and betaine, with different compositions, were studied in order to test their phenolic compounds extraction efficiency through the determination of their total concentration via Folin–Ciocalteu assay. A qualitative analysis of extracted phenolic compounds was assessed by HPLC with UV and MS detection. Using the DES with the best extraction efficiency, a new ultrasound-assisted solid liquid extraction (UA-SLE) method was optimized though the response surface methodology (RSM), taking into account some extraction parameters. Efficient recovery of extracted phenolic compounds was achieved using a 35% water solution of choline chloride and lactic acid (molar ratio 1:2) as an extraction solvent, working at 80 °C and with a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:25 gmL−1. The optimized conditions made it possible to recover 39% more phenolic compounds compared to a classic organic solvent.

Published in Molecules

ISSN: 1420-3049 (Online)
Publisher: MDPI AG
Country of publisher: Switzerland
LCC subjects: Science: Chemistry: Organic chemistry
Website: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules

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